Background: B-cell depletion with rituximab (RTX) is an effective treatment for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) patients. Nevertheless, relapses are frequent after RTX, often preceded by B-cell repopulation suggesting that residual autoreactive B-cells persist despite therapy. Therefore, this study aimed to identify minimal residual autoimmunity (MRA) in the B-cell compartment of AAV patients treated with RTX. Methods: EuroFlow-based highly-sensitive flow cytometry (HSFC) was employed to study B-cell and plasma cell (PC) subsets in-depth in AAV patients before and after RTX treatment. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of these RTX-treated AAV patients were cultured and in vitro stimulated with CpG, IL-2, and IL-21 to induce antibody-secreting cells (ASC). (ANCA)-IgG was measured in these supernatants by ELISA. Results: By employing EuroFlow-based HSFC, we detected circulating CD19+ B-cells at all timepoints after RTX treatment, in contrast to conventional low-sensitive flow cytometry. Pre-germinal center (Pre-GC) B-cells, memory B-cells and CD20+CD138- plasmablasts (PBs) were rapidly and strongly reduced, while CD20-CD138- PrePC and CD20-CD138+ mature (m)PCs were reduced slower and remained detectable. Both memory B-cells and CD20- PCs remained detectable after RTX. Serum ANCA-IgG decreased significantly upon RTX. Changes in ANCA levels strongly correlated with changes in naive, switched CD27+ and CD27- (double-negative) memory B-cells, but not with plasma cells. Lastly, we demonstrated in vitro ANCA production by AAV PBMCs, 24 and 48 weeks after RTX treatment reflecting MRA in the memory compartment of AAV patients. Conclusion: We demonstrated that RTX induced strong reductions in circulating B-cells, but never resulted in complete B-cell depletion. Despite strongly reduced B-cell numbers after RTX, ANCA-specific memory B-cells were still detectable in AAV patients. Thus, MRA is identifiable in AAV and can provide a potential novel approach in personalizing RTX treatment in AAV patients.
Background: B-cell depletion with rituximab (RTX) is an effective treatment for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) patients. Nevertheless, relapses are frequent after RTX, often preceded by B-cell repopulation suggesting that residual autoreactive B-cells persist despite therapy. Therefore, this study aimed to identify minimal residual autoimmunity (MRA) in the B-cell compartment of AAV patients treated with RTX. Methods: EuroFlow-based highly-sensitive flow cytometry (HSFC) was employed to study B-cell and plasma cell (PC) subsets in-depth in AAV patients before and after RTX treatment. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of these RTX-treated AAV patients were cultured and in vitro stimulated with CpG, IL-2, and IL-21 to induce antibody-secreting cells (ASC). (ANCA)-IgG was measured in these supernatants by ELISA. Results: By employing EuroFlow-based HSFC, we detected circulating CD19+ B-cells at all timepoints after RTX treatment, in contrast to conventional low-sensitive flow cytometry. Pre-germinal center (Pre-GC) B-cells, memory B-cells and CD20+CD138- plasmablasts (PBs) were rapidly and strongly reduced, while CD20-CD138- PrePC and CD20-CD138+ mature (m)PCs were reduced slower and remained detectable. Both memory B-cells and CD20- PCs remained detectable after RTX. Serum ANCA-IgG decreased significantly upon RTX. Changes in ANCA levels strongly correlated with changes in naive, switched CD27+ and CD27- (double-negative) memory B-cells, but not with plasma cells. Lastly, we demonstrated in vitro ANCA production by AAV PBMCs, 24 and 48 weeks after RTX treatment reflecting MRA in the memory compartment of AAV patients. Conclusion: We demonstrated that RTX induced strong reductions in circulating B-cells, but never resulted in complete B-cell depletion. Despite strongly reduced B-cell numbers after RTX, ANCA-specific memory B-cells were still detectable in AAV patients. Thus, MRA is identifiable in AAV and can provide a potential novel approach in personalizing RTX treatment in AAV patients.
Authors: E C Hagen; M R Daha; J Hermans; K Andrassy; E Csernok; G Gaskin; P Lesavre; J Lüdemann; N Rasmussen; R A Sinico; A Wiik; F J van der Woude Journal: Kidney Int Date: 1998-03 Impact factor: 10.612
Authors: Pierre Charles; Benjamin Terrier; Élodie Perrodeau; Pascal Cohen; Stanislas Faguer; Antoine Huart; Mohamed Hamidou; Christian Agard; Bernard Bonnotte; Maxime Samson; Alexandre Karras; Noémie Jourde-Chiche; François Lifermann; Pierre Gobert; Catherine Hanrotel-Saliou; Pascal Godmer; Nicolas Martin-Silva; Grégory Pugnet; Marie Matignon; Olivier Aumaitre; Jean-François Viallard; François Maurier; Nadine Meaux-Ruault; Sophie Rivière; Jean Sibilia; Xavier Puéchal; Philippe Ravaud; Luc Mouthon; Loïc Guillevin Journal: Ann Rheum Dis Date: 2018-04-25 Impact factor: 19.103
Authors: Anouk von Borstel; Judith Land; Wayel H Abdulahad; Abraham Rutgers; Coen A Stegeman; Arjan Diepstra; Peter Heeringa; Jan Stephan Sanders Journal: Front Immunol Date: 2019-09-24 Impact factor: 7.561
Authors: T Kalina; J Flores-Montero; V H J van der Velden; M Martin-Ayuso; S Böttcher; M Ritgen; J Almeida; L Lhermitte; V Asnafi; A Mendonça; R de Tute; M Cullen; L Sedek; M B Vidriales; J J Pérez; J G te Marvelde; E Mejstrikova; O Hrusak; T Szczepański; J J M van Dongen; A Orfao Journal: Leukemia Date: 2012-09 Impact factor: 11.528