GMP-Grade Methods for Cardiac Progenitor Cells: Cell Bank Production and Quality Control.

Cardiac explant-derived cells (cEDC), also referred as cardiac progenitors cells (CPC) (Barile et al., Cardiovasc Res 103(4):530-541, 2014; Barile et al., Cardiovasc Res 114(7):992-1005, 2018), represent promising candidates for the development of cell-based therapies, a novel and interesting treatment for cardioprotective strategy in heart failure (Kreke et al., Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 10(9):1185-1194, 2012). CPC have been tested in a preclinical setting for direct cell transplantation and tissue engineering or as a source for production of extracellular vesicles (EV) (Oh et al., J Cardiol 68(5):361-367, 2016; Barile et al., Eur Heart J 38(18):1372-1379, 2017; Rosen et al., J Am Coll Cardiol 64(9):922-937, 2014). CPC cultured as cardiospheres derived cells went through favorable Phase 1 and 2 studies demonstrating safety and possible efficacy (Makkar et al., Lancet 379(9819):895-904, 2012; Ishigami et al., Circ Res 120(7):1162-1173, 2017; Ishigami et al., Circ Res 116 (4):653-664, 2015; Tarui et al., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 150(5):1198-1207, 1208 e1191-1192, 2015). In this context and in view of clinical applications, cells have to be prepared and released according to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) (EudraLex-volume 4-good manufacturing practice (GMP) guidelines-Part I-basic requirements for medicinal products. http://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/eudralex/vol-4 ; EudraLex-volume 4-good manufacturing practice (GMP) guidelines-Part IV-guidelines on good manufacturing practices specific to advanced therapy medicinal products. http://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/eudralex/vol-4 ). This chapter describes GMP-grade methods for production and testing of a CPC Master Cell Bank (MCB), consisting of frozen aliquots of cells that may be used either as a therapeutic product or as source for the manufacturing of Exo for clinical trials.The MCB production method has been designed to isolate and expand CPC from human cardiac tissue in xeno-free conditions (Andriolo et al., Front Physiol 9:1169, 2018). The quality control (QC) methods have been implemented to assess the safety (sterility, endotoxin, mycoplasma, cell senescence, tumorigenicity) and identity/potency/purity (cell count and viability, RT-PCR, immunophenotype) of the cells (Andriolo et al., Front Physiol 9:1169, 2018).