Yashpal Singh Malik1, Mohd Ikram Ansari2, Jobin Jose Kattoor3, Rahul Kaushik4, Shubhankar Sircar5, Anbazhagan Subbaiyan6, Ruchi Tiwari7, Kuldeep Dhama8, Souvik Ghosh9, Shailly Tomar10, Kam Y J Zhang11. 1. College of Animal Biotechnology, GADVASU, Ludhiana. 2. Aligarh Muslim University India. 3. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India. 4. Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Japan. 5. Integral University, India. 6. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. 7. Department of Vet erinary Microbiology, DUVASU, Mathura, India. 8. Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. 9. Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies. 10. Department of Biotechnology, IIT, Roorkee, India. 11. Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Japan.
Abstract
Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein with the ACE2 cell receptor is very crucial for virus attachment to human cells. Selected mutations in SARS-CoV-2 S-protein are reported to strengthen its binding affinity to mammalian ACE2. The N501T mutation in SARS-CoV-2-CTD furnishes better support to hotspot 353 in comparison with SARS-CoV and shows higher affinity for receptor binding. Recombination analysis exhibited higher recombination events in SARS-CoV-2 strains, irrespective of their geographical origin or hosts. Investigation further supports a common origin among SARS-CoV-2 and its predecessors, SARS-CoV and bat-SARS-like-CoV. The recombination events suggest a constant exchange of genetic material among the co-infecting viruses in possible reservoirs and human hosts before SARS-CoV-2 emerged. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of codon usage bias (CUB) in SARS-CoV-2 revealed significant CUB among the S-genes of different beta-coronaviruses governed majorly by natural selection and mutation pressure. Various indices of codon usage of S-genes helped in quantifying its adaptability in other animal hosts. These findings might help in identifying potential experimental animal models for investigating pathogenicity for drugs and vaccine development experiments.
Interaction of SARS-CoV-2n class="Gene">spike glycoprotein with the ACE2 cell receptor is very crucial for virus attachment to human cells. Selected mutations in SARS-CoV-2S-protein are reported to strengthen its binding affinity to mammalianACE2. The N501T mutation in SARS-CoV-2-CTD furnishes better support to hotspot 353 in comparison with SARS-CoV and shows higher affinity for receptor binding. Recombination analysis exhibited higher recombination events in SARS-CoV-2 strains, irrespective of their geographical origin or hosts. Investigation further supports a common origin among SARS-CoV-2 and its predecessors, SARS-CoV and bat-SARS-like-CoV. The recombination events suggest a constant exchange of genetic material among the co-infecting viruses in possible reservoirs and human hosts before SARS-CoV-2 emerged. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of codon usage bias (CUB) in SARS-CoV-2 revealed significant CUB among the S-genes of different beta-coronaviruses governed majorly by natural selection and mutation pressure. Various indices of codon usage of S-genes helped in quantifying its adaptability in other animal hosts. These findings might help in identifying potential experimental animal models for investigating pathogenicity for drugs and vaccine development experiments.
Authors: Rahul Kaushik; Naveen Kumar; Kam Y J Zhang; Pratiksha Srivastava; Sandeep Bhatia; Yashpal Singh Malik Journal: Environ Res Date: 2022-04-20 Impact factor: 8.431