Responsive hyaluronic acid-gold cluster hybrid nanogel theranostic systems.

Tumor microenvironment responsive and self-monitored multimodal synergistic theranostic strategies can significantly improve therapeutic efficacy by overcoming biological barriers. Herein, we report a type of smart fluorescent hyaluronic acid nanogel that can respond to the reducing microenvironment and activate tumor targeting with light-traceable monitoring in cancer therapy. First, the derivative of hyaluronic acid (HA) with a vinyl group and cystamine bisacrylamide were used to synthesize bioreducible HA based nanogels via copolymerization in aqueous medium. Then, multifunctional mHA-gold cluster (mHA-GC) hybrid nanogels were successfully prepared by the in situ reduction of gold salt in the HA nanogels. The HA matrix turns the nanogels into a capsule for effective drug loading with excellent colloidal stability. Interestingly, the reducing tumor microenvironment dramatically enhanced the fluorescence signal of gold clusters in the hybrid nanogels. The highly selective cancer cell uptake and efficient intratumoral accumulation of the hybrid nanogels were demonstrated by fluorescence tracking of these nanogels. Responsive disassembly of the hybrid nanogels and drug release were triggered by excess glutathione presence in cancer cells. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro tumor suppression assays revealed that the doxorubicin-loaded hybrid nanogels exhibited significantly superior tumor cell inhibition abilities compared to free DOX. Overall, the mHA-GC hybrid nanogels emerge as a promising theranostic nanoplatform for the targeted delivery and controlled release of antitumor drugs with light-traceable monitoring in cancer treatment.