Ming-Chun Chen1,2, Jen-Hung Wang3, Jui-Shia Chen1, Yung-Chieh Chang1, Rong-Hwa Jan1,2, Shang-Hsien Yang1,2, Shao-Yin Chu1,2, Pei-Chun Lai1,2,4, Chia-Hsiang Chu1, Ching-Feng Cheng2,5, Yu-Hsun Chang1,2,6. 1. Department of Pediatric, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan. 2. School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan. 3. Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan. 4. Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Department of Medical Education, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan. 5. Department of Pediatric, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan. 6. Department of Pediatric, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Abstract
Objective: Child hematuria/proteinuria is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in later life, and mass urinary screening could detect asymptomatic glomerulonephritis at an early stage. This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal prevalence of hematuria/proteinuria and its association with socio-demographic factors among school children in Hualien, Taiwan. Methods: The study cohort consisted of first and fourth graders enrolled from 2008 to 2015 in Hualien. We combined the data from two consecutive health examinations to ensure the validity of the body mass index (BMI), urbanization, proteinuria, and hematuria grouping. Prevalence and health status differences between sex, age, BMI, and urbanization level were examined. Results: A total of 16,990 students within the same BMI and urbanization categories were included during the study interval. The prevalence of persistent hematuria was 1.0%. Fourth graders (odds ratio OR: 1.68, p = 0.002), girls (OR: 1.48, p = 0.014), and students from suburban/rural areas (OR: 1.99, and OR: 4.93, respectively; both p < 0.001) demonstrated higher hematuria risk. The prevalence of proteinuria was 0.2%. Fourth graders (OR: 4.44, p < 0.001) and students in suburban areas (OR: 0.27, p = 0.031) were associated with persistent proteinuria. After stratifying by age, the significant association remained. A higher risk of proteinuria was noted in underweight subjects (OR: 2.52, p = 0.023) among the fourth-grade students. Conclusion: The prevalence of hematuria/proteinuria in Hualien was higher than the average reported for Taiwan. Hematuria/proteinuria was significantly associated with sex, age, BMI, and urbanization. Our longitudinal results can provide information for future pediatric CKD prevention in Taiwan.
Objective: Childhematuria/proteinuria is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in later life, and mass urinary screening could detect asymptomatic glomerulonephritis at an early stage. This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal prevalence of hematuria/proteinuria and its association with socio-demographic factors among school children in Hualien, Taiwan. Methods: The study cohort consisted of first and fourth graders enrolled from 2008 to 2015 in Hualien. We combined the data from two consecutive health examinations to ensure the validity of the body mass index (BMI), urbanization, proteinuria, and hematuria grouping. Prevalence and health status differences between sex, age, BMI, and urbanization level were examined. Results: A total of 16,990 students within the same BMI and urbanization categories were included during the study interval. The prevalence of persistent hematuria was 1.0%. Fourth graders (odds ratio OR: 1.68, p = 0.002), girls (OR: 1.48, p = 0.014), and students from suburban/rural areas (OR: 1.99, and OR: 4.93, respectively; both p < 0.001) demonstrated higher hematuria risk. The prevalence of proteinuria was 0.2%. Fourth graders (OR: 4.44, p < 0.001) and students in suburban areas (OR: 0.27, p = 0.031) were associated with persistent proteinuria. After stratifying by age, the significant association remained. A higher risk of proteinuria was noted in underweight subjects (OR: 2.52, p = 0.023) among the fourth-grade students. Conclusion: The prevalence of hematuria/proteinuria in Hualien was higher than the average reported for Taiwan. Hematuria/proteinuria was significantly associated with sex, age, BMI, and urbanization. Our longitudinal results can provide information for future pediatric CKD prevention in Taiwan.
Authors: Agus Surachman; Jonathan Daw; Bethany C Bray; Lacy M Alexander; Christopher L Coe; David M Almeida Journal: BMC Nephrol Date: 2020-05-19 Impact factor: 2.388