Impact of residual layer transport on air pollution in Beijing, China.

The residual layer (RL) stores a large amount of pollutants, but its effect on near-surface pollution is unknown. In this study, a two-year continuous observation was performed in Beijing using a ceilometer. The generalized boundary layer includes the mixing layer and RL. The results showed that there is no significant seasonal difference in the generalized boundary layer height (GBLH). The average GBLHs in spring, summer, autumn and winter are 1155, 1139, 1036 and 1195 m, respectively. The diurnal variation characteristics of spring, summer and autumn are similar, and the RL disappears when the mixing layer height reaches its peak in the afternoon. In winter, the development of the mixing layer is weak, and there is a 33.8% chance that the RL cannot be breached, thus making the mixing layer height at noon much lower than the GBLH. The concentrations of PM2.5 in the mixing layer and RL are 89 and 52 μg m-3, respectively, and the probability that the PM2.5 concentration in the RL was higher than that near the ground was 38.9%. RL transport represents an important beginning of the pollution event during the winter mornings and afternoons in Beijing. This study is helpful to better understand the structure of the RL and its influence on air pollution.