BACKGROUND: The association of air pollution with multiple adverse health outcomes is becoming well established, but its negative economic impact is less well appreciated. It is important to elucidate this impact for the states of India. METHODS: We estimated exposure to ambient particulate matter pollution, household air pollution, and ambient ozone pollution, and their attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years in every state of India as part of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. We estimated the economic impact of air pollution as the cost of lost output due to premature deaths and morbidity attributable to air pollution for every state of India, using the cost-of-illness method. FINDINGS: 1·67 million (95% uncertainty interval 1·42-1·92) deaths were attributable to air pollution in India in 2019, accounting for 17·8% (15·8-19·5) of the total deaths in the country. The majority of these deaths were from ambient particulate matter pollution (0·98 million [0·77-1·19]) and household air pollution (0·61 million [0·39-0·86]). The death rate due to household air pollution decreased by 64·2% (52·2-74·2) from 1990 to 2019, while that due to ambient particulate matter pollution increased by 115·3% (28·3-344·4) and that due to ambient ozone pollution increased by 139·2% (96·5-195·8). Lost output from premature deaths and morbidity attributable to air pollution accounted for economic losses of US$28·8 billion (21·4-37·4) and $8·0 billion (5·9-10·3), respectively, in India in 2019. This total loss of $36·8 billion (27·4-47·7) was 1·36% of India's gross domestic product (GDP). The economic loss as a proportion of the state GDP varied 3·2 times between the states, ranging from 0·67% (0·47-0·91) to 2·15% (1·60-2·77), and was highest in the low per-capita GDP states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. Delhi had the highest per-capita economic loss due to air pollution, followed by Haryana in 2019, with 5·4 times variation across all states. INTERPRETATION: The high burden of death and disease due to air pollution and its associated substantial adverse economic impact from loss of output could impede India's aspiration to be a $5 trillion economy by 2024. Successful reduction of air pollution in India through state-specific strategies would lead to substantial benefits for both the health of the population and the economy. FUNDING: UN Environment Programme; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; and Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
BACKGROUND: The association of air pollution with multiple adverse health outcomes is becoming well established, but its negative economic impact is less well appreciated. It is important to elucidate this impact for the states of India. METHODS: We estimated exposure to ambient particulate matter pollution, household air pollution, and ambient ozone pollution, and their attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years in every state of India as part of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. We estimated the economic impact of air pollution as the cost of lost output due to premature deaths and morbidity attributable to air pollution for every state of India, using the cost-of-illness method. FINDINGS: 1·67 million (95% uncertainty interval 1·42-1·92) deaths were attributable to air pollution in India in 2019, accounting for 17·8% (15·8-19·5) of the total deaths in the country. The majority of these deaths were from ambient particulate matter pollution (0·98 million [0·77-1·19]) and household air pollution (0·61 million [0·39-0·86]). The death rate due to household air pollution decreased by 64·2% (52·2-74·2) from 1990 to 2019, while that due to ambient particulate matter pollution increased by 115·3% (28·3-344·4) and that due to ambient ozone pollution increased by 139·2% (96·5-195·8). Lost output from premature deaths and morbidity attributable to air pollution accounted for economic losses of US$28·8 billion (21·4-37·4) and $8·0 billion (5·9-10·3), respectively, in India in 2019. This total loss of $36·8 billion (27·4-47·7) was 1·36% of India's gross domestic product (GDP). The economic loss as a proportion of the state GDP varied 3·2 times between the states, ranging from 0·67% (0·47-0·91) to 2·15% (1·60-2·77), and was highest in the low per-capita GDP states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. Delhi had the highest per-capita economic loss due to air pollution, followed by Haryana in 2019, with 5·4 times variation across all states. INTERPRETATION: The high burden of death and disease due to air pollution and its associated substantial adverse economic impact from loss of output could impede India's aspiration to be a $5 trillion economy by 2024. Successful reduction of air pollution in India through state-specific strategies would lead to substantial benefits for both the health of the population and the economy. FUNDING: UN Environment Programme; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; and Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
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Authors: Pan Wang; Catherine Tuvblad; Diana Younan; Meredith Franklin; Fred Lurmann; Jun Wu; Laura A Baker; Jiu-Chiuan Chen Journal: PLoS One Date: 2017-12-05 Impact factor: 3.240
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Authors: Cong Liu; Renjie Chen; Francesco Sera; Ana M Vicedo-Cabrera; Yuming Guo; Shilu Tong; Micheline S Z S Coelho; Paulo H N Saldiva; Eric Lavigne; Patricia Matus; Nicolas Valdes Ortega; Samuel Osorio Garcia; Mathilde Pascal; Massimo Stafoggia; Matteo Scortichini; Masahiro Hashizume; Yasushi Honda; Magali Hurtado-Díaz; Julio Cruz; Baltazar Nunes; João P Teixeira; Ho Kim; Aurelio Tobias; Carmen Íñiguez; Bertil Forsberg; Christofer Åström; Martina S Ragettli; Yue-Leon Guo; Bing-Yu Chen; Michelle L Bell; Caradee Y Wright; Noah Scovronick; Rebecca M Garland; Ai Milojevic; Jan Kyselý; Aleš Urban; Hans Orru; Ene Indermitte; Jouni J K Jaakkola; Niilo R I Ryti; Klea Katsouyanni; Antonis Analitis; Antonella Zanobetti; Joel Schwartz; Jianmin Chen; Tangchun Wu; Aaron Cohen; Antonio Gasparrini; Haidong Kan Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2019-08-22 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Saima Abdul Jabbar; Laila Tul Qadar; Sulaman Ghafoor; Lubna Rasheed; Zouina Sarfraz; Azza Sarfraz; Muzna Sarfraz; Miguel Felix; Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-06-20 Impact factor: 4.614
Authors: Bhargav Krishna; Siddhartha Mandal; Kishore Madhipatla; K Srinath Reddy; Dorairaj Prabhakaran; Joel D Schwartz Journal: Environ Epidemiol Date: 2021-08-06
Authors: Aaron Reuben; Louise Arseneault; Andrew Beddows; Sean D Beevers; Terrie E Moffitt; Antony Ambler; Rachel M Latham; Joanne B Newbury; Candice L Odgers; Jonathan D Schaefer; Helen L Fisher Journal: JAMA Netw Open Date: 2021-04-01