Arehally M Mahalakshmi1, Bipul Ray1,2, Sunanda Tuladhar1,2, Abid Bhat1,2, Shasthara Paneyala3, Duraisamy Patteswari4, Meena Kishore Sakharkar5, Hamdan Hamdan6,7, David M Ojcius8, Srinivasa Rao Bolla9, Musthafa Mohamed Essa10,11, Saravana Babu Chidambaram1,2, M Walid Qoronbfleh12,13. 1. Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. 2. Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. 3. Department of Neurology, JSS Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. 4. Division of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. 5. The Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. 6. Department of Physiology, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 7. Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. 8. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California, USA. 9. Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 020000, Kazakhstan. 10. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. 11. Principal Investigator, Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. 12. Research & Policy Department, World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar. 13. Research & Policy Division, Q3CG Research Institute, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated primarily with pneumonia, recent data show that the causative agent of COVID-19, the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can infect a large number of vital organs beyond the lungs, such as the heart, kidneys, and the brain. Thus, there is evidence showing possible retrograde transmission of the virus from the olfactory epithelium to regions of the brain stem. METHODS: This is a literature review article. The research design method is an evidence-based rapid review. The present discourse aim is first to scrutinize and assess the available literature on COVID-19 repercussion on the central nervous system (CNS). Standard literature and database searches were implemented, gathered relevant material, and extracted information was then assessed. RESULTS: The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors being the receptor for the virus, the threat to the central nervous system is expected. Neurons and glial cells express ACE2 receptors in the CNS, and recent studies suggest that activated glial cells contribute to neuroinflammation and the devastating effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the CNS. The SARS-CoV-2-induced immune-mediated demyelinating disease, cerebrovascular damage, neurodegeneration, and depression are some of the neurological complications discussed here. CONCLUSION: This review correlates present clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients with possible neurological consequences in the future, thus preparing healthcare providers for possible future consequences of COVID-19.
BACKGROUND: Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated primarily with pneumonia, recent data show that the causative agent of COVID-19, the coronavirussevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can infect a large number of vital organs beyond the lungs, such as the heart, kidneys, and the brain. Thus, there is evidence showing possible retrograde transmission of the virus from the olfactory epithelium to regions of the brain stem. METHODS: This is a literature review article. The research design method is an evidence-based rapid review. The present discourse aim is first to scrutinize and assess the available literature on COVID-19 repercussion on the central nervous system (CNS). Standard literature and database searches were implemented, gathered relevant material, and extracted information was then assessed. RESULTS: The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors being the receptor for the virus, the threat to the central nervous system is expected. Neurons and glial cells express ACE2 receptors in the CNS, and recent studies suggest that activated glial cells contribute to neuroinflammation and the devastating effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the CNS. The SARS-CoV-2-induced immune-mediated demyelinating disease, cerebrovascular damage, neurodegeneration, and depression are some of the neurological complications discussed here. CONCLUSION: This review correlates present clinical manifestations of COVID-19patients with possible neurological consequences in the future, thus preparing healthcare providers for possible future consequences of COVID-19.