Effects of ion migration and improvement strategies for the operational stability of perovskite solar cells.

The fundamental factor affecting the stability of perovskite solar cells, ion migration, has been reviewed, which is found to be closely related to the degradation of perovskite solar cells. Characterization methods like impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic measurement to identify ion migration in perovskite films have been reviewed. The influence of light on ion migration was further discussed, which could largely explain the photo-stability decay in most perovskite solar cells. Finally, several solutions to inhibit ion migration for better operational stability of perovskite solar cells were summarized, including bulk passivation, interface passivation and grain boundary passivation. Several strategies have also been proposed to further improve the stablity of perovskite solar cells.