Shu Wen Tay1, James Weiquan Li1,2,3, Kwong Ming Fock1,2,3. 1. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Changi General Hospital. 2. Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS. 3. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Dietary factors have been linked to cancers. This review focuses on several nutrients, which have strong evidence showing increase in cancer risks in the esophagus and stomach. RECENT FINDINGS: Obesity is an important risk factor in upper gastrointestinal cancers. High sugar content in food and sugary drinks are the main drivers of obesity. Proinflammatory diet is another dietary factor, which is increasingly recognized as being associated with esophageal and gastric cancer. SUMMARY: Cancer has been predicted to be the leading cause of death in this century. Cancers of the esophagus and stomach are the six and third most common cause of death worldwide. Although Helicobacter pylori infection is a known cause of gastric cancer, obesity is a leading contributor to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Epidemiological data have shown that dietary factors are associated with the two cancers. Observational, case control, animal and recent large cohort studies have identified associations between dietary factors and upper gastrointestinal cancer. Data are also emerging from studies, which look at dietary patterns, such as reduction in the Dietary Inflammatory Index, as well as adherence to a modified Mediterranean diet, and its association with the incidence of esophageal and gastric cancer.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Dietary factors have been linked to cancers. This review focuses on several nutrients, which have strong evidence showing increase in cancer risks in the esophagus and stomach. RECENT FINDINGS:Obesity is an important risk factor in upper gastrointestinal cancers. High sugar content in food and sugary drinks are the main drivers of obesity. Proinflammatory diet is another dietary factor, which is increasingly recognized as being associated with esophageal and gastric cancer. SUMMARY:Cancer has been predicted to be the leading cause of death in this century. Cancers of the esophagus and stomach are the six and third most common cause of death worldwide. Although Helicobacter pyloriinfection is a known cause of gastric cancer, obesity is a leading contributor to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Epidemiological data have shown that dietary factors are associated with the two cancers. Observational, case control, animal and recent large cohort studies have identified associations between dietary factors and upper gastrointestinal cancer. Data are also emerging from studies, which look at dietary patterns, such as reduction in the Dietary Inflammatory Index, as well as adherence to a modified Mediterranean diet, and its association with the incidence of esophageal and gastric cancer.