Measurement of Health-Related Quality of Life Among Colorectal Cancer Patients Using the Vietnamese Value Set of the EQ-5D-5L.

PURPOSE: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important construct in clinical settings, and it is crucial that it should be properly measured. As the EuroQol-5-dimensions-5 levels (EQ-5D-5L) is more effective for such measurement than the 3-level model, data on economic models, clinical studies, and public health evaluations previously collected through the EQ-5D-3L need to be revaluated using the EQ-5D-5L. This study evaluated colorectal cancer (CRC) patients' HRQoL scores using the Vietnamese EQ-5D-5L value set. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The cross-sectional study included CRC patients treated at a tertiary public hospital. HRQoL was assessed using the EQ-5D-5L, and HRQoL utility scores were calculated using the Vietnamese value set. Tobit regression examined factors associated with HRQoL.
RESULTS: The analysis included 197 CRC patients. Ages ranged from 20 to 87 years (M = 57.64, SD = 13.5); 42.2% and 57.8% were diagnosed with cancer of the colon or rectum/anus, respectively. Mean EQ-5D-5L was 0.561 (range, -0.5115 to 1). Most participants experienced anxiety/depression (88%), followed by pain/discomfort (87%), mobility (71%), usual activity (69%), and self-care (67%). Advanced CRC stage (stage II: β -0.303, se 0.08; stage III: β -0.305, se 0.07; stage IV: β -0.456, se 0.07) and surgery (β -0.113, se 0.05) were negatively associated with EQ-5D-5L scores. Advanced education (high school: β 0.273, se 0.07); college/vocational: β 0.134se 0.05; university/higher: Coef 0.213, se 0.08;) and older age (age group 35-44: β 0.253, se 0.10; 45-54: β 0.327, se 0.09; 55-64: β 0.355 se 0.09; 65+ β 0.204, se 0.09) were positively associated with EQ-5D-5L scores.
CONCLUSION: Patients in advanced CRC stages or undergoing surgery experienced lower HRQoL and higher prevalence of anxiety/depression and pain/discomfort. Older age and high educational attainment predicted high HRQoL. This study provides information on CRC patients' health utility based on various patient characteristics, which can be used in future economic evaluations.

Introduction

Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed type of cancer and the fifth most common cause of cancer-related death. Although highly developed countries have shown stable or decreasing prevalence trends in combination with higher survival rates, CRC incidence and mortality continue to be a burden in many developing countries, such as Vietnam. In 2017, the CRC incidence in Vietnam was 21 persons/100,000, with a death rate of 13.9 persons/100,000.1–3 These differences are partially owing to the different levels of societal and economic development between countries, as well as differences regarding population aging, adoption of a westernized diet, lifestyle, and cancer control policy priorities.2–5 Moreover, although CRC incidence and mortality rates continue to rise in low-middle income countries, proper diagnosis and treatment for this type of cancer is lacking in these nations.6

Further, more than 80−90% of patients are diagnosed with CRC after it is already at an advanced stage, resulting in significant health and economic burdens for patients and their families.7 Additionally, general cultural beliefs (eg, seeking help from traditional healers or fortune-tellers) and misconceptions about cancer outcomes in late diagnosis and treatment,8 when coupled with the effects of complex treatment regimens (sometimes requiring the combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy), lead to reduced quality of life for patients and their families. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of CRC patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is crucial for health professionals and decision-makers to be able to effectively control this type of cancer.

Health utility refers to a person’s preferred outcomes regarding their own health; to measure this construct, researchers have mostly analyzed individual preferences through a wide array of methods—visual analog scales, time trade-offs, or standard gamble techniques.9,10 By measuring HRQOL, we believe that we may be able to not only analyze whether patients’ desired treatment outcomes reflect their survival rates but also their ability to live comfortable, disease-free lives. Hence, given the rising concerns regarding CRC, an index based on patients’ health-related quality of life could potentially improve patient experience and care. Furthermore, research using health technology assessments and in the health economics field have increasingly utilized patient-reported outcome measures, which provide essential information to plan interventions that can help guide patients’ improvement efforts and enhance system-level policies.9,10

There are diverse instruments to measure HRQOL, each with its own strengths and limitations. Among them, numerical algorithms have been developed to map disease-specific questionnaires to the EuroQol Group Five-Dimensional (EQ-5D), a standardized instrument for measuring generic health status, values in cancer groups.11–14 The EQ-5D is one of the most commonly used instruments to describe and assess HRQoL based on public preference; it has two versions: the 3 level (3L) and 5 level (5L).15 A study using a sizeable multinational dataset showed that, compared with the 3L, the 5L is more accurate and preferred regarding both study results and participant responses.14,16 Considering this, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the United Kingdom has suggested using the 5L, instead of the 3L, in economic models, clinical studies, and public health evaluations.17 Furthermore, the EQ-5D-5L is particularly useful for cancer research, because patients are usually experiencing severe health psychological or physical conditions, and are thus unable to answer lengthy questionnaires.18

In Vietnam, the first study to use the EQ-5D-5L was conducted among the general adult population to validate the instrument; however, it used the value set from the Thai EQ-5D-5L.19 Moreover, the Vietnamese EQ-5D-5L was recently developed and validated using the EuroQoL Group’s standardized protocol on a nationally representative sample of the Vietnamese population, and its first instruments provided promising local information on health economics in Vietnam.20 Nonetheless, to the best of the researchers’ knowledge, there is no study to date on all cancer patients’ HRQoL in Vietnam. Therefore, this study aimed to assess CRC patients’ HRQoL and determine the associated factors using the EQ-5D-5L in a public tertiary hospital in the central region of Vietnam.

Patients and Methods

Participants

This was a cross-sectional study conducted with CRC patients aged 20 years and older at Hue Central Hospital (HCH). HCH is a tertiary referral hospital and the third-largest public hospital, located in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam, in the approximate center of the country. Although the region has 1.2 million residents, HCH provides healthcare for more than 15 million people in Central Vietnam.21 The hospital’s oncology center provides specialist care to cancer patients in the corresponding and neighboring provinces.21

The inclusion criteria were patients who had complete clinical data, were diagnosed with primary CRC within the last four years, and were able to answer the questionnaire. Exclusion criteria included patients who were unable to complete the questionnaire and patients who regularly experienced fatigue or psychological difficulty.

Sample Size Determination and Participant Recruitment

With the aim of estimating the overall mean score of the EQ 5D-5L health utility for CRC patients, we assumed the expected sample standard deviation (SD) would be 0.2456, recalculated based on the EQ-5D-5L value set.20 A desired precision of 3% was set, which indicated precisely how to estimate the mean of the population and the 95% level of confidence for t-distribution.22 An initial sample size of 261 patients was required; however, according to an annual report, the total number of CRC inpatients at HCH was about 700; therefore, we needed to adjust to a finite population in this case. Therefore, a sample size of 190 would suffice. In addition, we assumed the refusal rate to be about 5%. Thus, the final sample size was 200 patients.

Accordingly, 200 eligible CRC inpatients were identified at HCH between July and December 2019 using convenience sampling, and then invited to participate in the study. Face-to-face interviews with patients were conducted by a medical school student and a well-trained nurse in the same hospital. Prior to the interviews, participants were informed about this study via flyers; they also received detailed information from the interviewers, after which they provided signed informed consent. Information about participants’ socio-demographic characteristics was recorded on the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. Information on clinical variables was further retrieved from the hospital’s medical records or by consultation with their respective physicians; this information included the CRC stage and treatment regimen. Interviews lasted approximately 12−15 minutes per patient.

Measurements

Independent Variables

Questions on the patients’ socio-demographic characteristics included: age, gender (male, female), marital status (single/widow; married), education (primary school or lower, secondary school, high school, college/vocational, and university/higher), occupation (agriculture, business/employment, retired/elderly, housework, and freelancers/unemployed), and economic status (monthly income by government classification: poor [VND ≤900,000, $ US 45]; near-poor [VND 900,000–1,300,000, $ US 45 to 65]; and fair: [≥ VND 1,500,000; $ US 75]).

Regarding CRC stage, participants were classified in accordance with the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) TNM classification23 stages I, II, III, and IV; their staging system also has an “undifferentiated stage,” which we classified as “unknown.” In this study, CRC was divided into colon and rectum cancer, and the definition was based on patients’ medical records, which included this classification. The treatment regimen was based on patients’ current treatment (at the time of the study), including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and other types of therapy (internal medicine).

Dependent Variables

The EQ-5D-5L has been recently validated within the Vietnamese general population;20 thus, our study evaluated patients’ HRQoL using this instrument. This scale has five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression.15 Each dimension is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = no problem; 2 = slight problem; 3 = moderate problem; 4 = severe problem; 5 = extreme problem). Originally, the combination of the reported levels for the five dimensions of this scale generated 3125 possible health states, with the healthiest state being “11,111” (showing “no problem at all”) and most severe state being “55,555” (showing “extreme problems”). In our study, each health state was scored based on the Vietnamese EQ-5D-5L value set, which was constructed in a standardized study by Mai et al, to estimate each participant’s health utility score. These scores ranged from −0.5115 to 1.20

Statistical Analysis

After excluding three patients who declined to participate, data from 197 patients were included in the final analysis. Normal distribution for the EQ-5D-5L utility score was computed using the Shapiro−Wilk test (p < 0.05), and the results indicated that it followed a non-normal distribution. Results of statistical analyses regarding the health utility scores were presented as means, SD, and medians. Regarding the univariate relationship between health utility scores and independent variables, non-parameter tests (Kruskal−Wallis and Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test) were utilized.

Regarding censored data for outcome variables, as health utility scores ranged from −0.5115 to 1 in this study, the Tobit regression model was an eligible statistical test for examining the associations between the EQ-5D-5L utility score and other independent variables.24 All variables in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate model. All data analysis was performed using the R language. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Ethical Approval

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the review board of Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Vietnam (Code: 0259/QĐ-HĐĐNCYSH), and it was performed with the agreement of the Board of Directors of the Hue Central Hospital, Hue city, Vietnam. All participants provided written informed consent.

Results

The socio-demographic characteristics of the 197 participants (98.5% participant rate) are shown in Table 1. Regarding their socio-demographics, participants’ mean age was 57.7 (SD 13.5), with 54.8% identifying as male. Most participants were married (86.8%), about one-third had completed high school (34.6%), 40% were farmers, and most had an economic status of poor (55.8%) or fair (42.6%).

Table 1

General Characteristics of CRC Patients (n=197) and Summary Statistics for the EQ-5D-5L Utility Score by Participant and Clinical Characteristics

Variables	Frequency	Mean	SD	Median	p-value
All	197	0.561 (min, max: −0.5115, 1)	0.27	0.582(IQR, −0.209 to 0.782)	NA
Gender
Men	108	0.559	0.29	0.548	0.88
Women	89	0.564	0.25	0.599
Marital status
Single/widow	26	0.492	0.31	0.505	0.22
Married	171	0.572	0.26	0.593
Age group
20–34	10	0.447	0.37	0.475	0.01
35–44	23	0.602	0.25	0.611
45–54	39	0.596	0.18	0.593
55–64	66	0.639	0.20	0.667
65+	59	0.454	0.34	0.474
Education
Primary school and less (grade 5 or less)	58	0.472	0.30	0.542	0.01
Secondary school (Grade 6–9)	71	0.549	0.26	0.558
High school (grade 10 or 12)	13	0.692	0.22	0.800
College/vocational	39	0.635	0.20	0.652
University/higher	16	0.651	0.30	0.782
Jobs
Agricultures	77	0.591	0.25	0.604	0.24
Business/Employment	36	0.608	0.20	0.608
Retired/Elderly/Housework	59	0.492	0.32	0.542
Freelancers/Unemployed	25	0.565	0.27	0.467
Economic status (Average monthly income)
Poor (VND ≤900,000)	3	0.633	0.20	0.667	0.92
Near-poor (VND 900,000–1,300,000)	110	0.555	0.29	0.548
Fair (≥VND1,500,000)	84	0.566	0.25	0.599
Cancer
Colon (C18)	85	0.600	0.27	0.641	0.03
Rectum (C20)	112	0.532	0.27	0.543
Year of diagnosis
2019	154	0.551	0.28	0.593	0.77
2018	30	0.584	0.23	0.540
Before 2018	13	0.628	0.21	0.720
CRC Stage
I	17	0.806	0.12	0.821	0.0001
II	34	0.565	0.35	0.667
III	95	0.571	0.21	0.548
IV	49	0.458	0.30	0.485
Undifferentiated	2	0.480	0.09	0.480
Treatment status
Chemotherapy	103	0.578	0.25	0.604	0.53
Radiotherapy	31	0.479	0.34	0.485
Surgery	47	0.564	0.28	0.599
Other treatment’s regimes (Internal medicine/no direction of treatment	16	0.604	0.24	0.577

Notes: Bold: statistical significance. Household economic status defined as per the Vietnamese Government’s (No. 59/2015/QDD-TTg) categorization based on average monthly income: Poor (VND ≤900,000, $ US 45); Near-poor (900,000–1,300,000, $ US 45 to 65); Fair: ≥VND 1,500,000; $ US 75) (Source: ).

Abbreviations: NA, not available; IQR, interquartile range.

Regarding clinical characteristics, most participants had been diagnosed with CRC at stage III (48.2%) or stage IV (24.9%); 57% were diagnosed with rectum cancer. The average time that had passed from participants’ diagnosis to their participation in this survey was 6.4 months. Most respondents had been diagnosed within two years (78.2% in 2019; 15.2% in 2018) of their participation in the interview, and most were receiving treatment with chemotherapy and surgery (76.1%). The distribution of the EQ-5D-5L utility scores is shown in Figure 1; the shape of the curve was skewed to the right, at a higher value.

Figure 1

Distribution of the EQ-5D-5L utility score.

Table 1 also compares the summary statistics for participants’ EQ-5D-5L utility scores based on their socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. The mean and median of CRC patients’ EQ-5D-5L utility scores were 0.561 (SD, 0.27) and 0.582 (Interquartile range, IQR, −0.21 to 0.78), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in patients’ utility scores based on the following characteristics: age group (p = 0.01), education (p = 0.01), cancer type (p = 0.03), and CRC stage (p = 0.0001). No significance was found among the other variables with utility scores (p > 0.05).

The proportion of each dimension of the EQ-5D-5L by CRC stage is shown in Figure 2. Most participants experienced anxiety/depression (88%), which went from slight to extreme levels; this was followed by pain/discomfort (87%), mobility (71%), usual activity (69%), and self-care (67%). There were similar patterns in anxiety/depression among participants at CRC stages I and II (76.5% and 91.2%, respectively), while pain/discomfort was the most common among participants at CRC stages III and IV (91.6% and 91.8%, respectively).

Figure 2

The proportion of levels of problem on each EQ-5D-5L dimension in the overall sample and by CRC stage (percent, %).

The factors associated with participants’ EQ-5D-5L utility scores extracted through the Tobit regression model are shown in Table 2. The model confirmed that older age (35−44 years, β = 0.25, p = 0.01; 45−54 years, β = 0.327, p = 0.001; 55−64 years, β = 0.355, p = 0.001; and 65+ years, β = 0.204, p = 0.029) and higher levels of education (high school, β = 0.273, p = 0.0001; college/vocational, β = 0.134, p = 0.008; university/higher, β = 0.213, p = 0.005) were significantly associated with higher EQ-5D-5L utility scores, whereas having late-stage CRC (stage II, β = −0.303, p = 0.0001; III, β = −0.305, p = 0.0001; IV, β = −0.456, p = 0.0001) and receiving surgical treatments (β = −0.113, p = 0.019) were significantly associated with lower EQ-5D-5L utility scores. Other variables, namely, gender, jobs, economic status, type of cancer, and year since diagnosis, did not show any significance association with EQ-5D-5L utility scores (p > 0.05).

Table 2

Tobit Regression Model: Factors Associated with the EQ-5D-5L Utility Score

Variables	Frequency	Coefficient	se	p-value
Gender
Men	108	Reference
Women	89	0.025	0.03	0.46
Marital status
Single/widow	26	Reference
Married	171	−0.053	0.06	0.342
Age group
20–34	10	Reference
35–44	23	0.253	0.10	0.01
45–54	39	0.327	0.09	0.001
55–64	66	0.355	0.09	0.001
65+	59	0.204	0.09	0.029
Education
Primary school and less (grade 5 or less)	58	Reference
Secondary school (Grade 6–9)	71	0.077	0.04	0.066
High school (grade 10 or 12)	13	0.273	0.07	0.0001
College/vocational	39	0.134	0.05	0.008
University/higher	16	0.213	0.08	0.005
Jobs
Agriculture	77	Reference
Business/Employment	36	−0.019	0.06	0.738
Retired/Elderly/Housework	59	−0.061	0.04	0.134
Freelancers/Unemployed	25	−0.067	0.06	0.228
Economic status (Average monthly income)
Poor (VND ≤900,000)	3	Reference
Near-poor (VND 900,000–1,300,000)	110	−0.074	0.14	0.602
Fair (≥VND1,500,000)	84	−0.038	0.14	0.791
Cancer
Colon (C18)	85	Reference
Rectum (C20)	112	−0.047	0.04	0.184
Year of diagnosis
2019	154	Reference
2018	30	0.003	0.05	0.946
Before 2018	13	0.065	0.07	0.332
CRC Stage
I	17	Reference
II	34	−0.303	0.08	0.00001
III	95	−0.305	0.07	0.00001
IV	49	−0.456	0.07	0.00001
Undifferentiated	2	−0.369	0.17	0.0360
Treatment status
Chemotherapy	103	Reference
Radiotherapy	31	−0.054	0.05	0.285
Surgery	47	−0.113	0.05	0.019
Other treatment’s regimes (Internal medicine/no direction of treatment	16	0.039	0.07	0.548

Notes: Bold: statistical significance. Household economic status defined as per the Vietnamese Government’s (No. 59/2015/QDD-TTg) categorization based on average monthly income: Poor (VND ≤900,000, $ US 45); Near-poor (900,000–1,300,000, $ US 45 to 65); Fair: ≥VND 1,500,000; $ US 75) (Source: ).

Discussion

To the researchers’ knowledge, this was the first study in Vietnam to assess CRC patients’ EQ-5D-5L utility scores. The results provided essential evidence regarding CRC patients’ health-related quality of life and health utility, which may be applied by policymakers and other relevant stakeholders when making health-related economic evaluations. Subsequently, these evaluations can serve as background information for policy-related decision-making and/or clinical management, as they can provide evidence regarding specific indicators of CRC patients’ health utility by age group and cancer stage. Moreover, this study can also equip stakeholders with information on a wide array of socio-demographic and clinical factors associated (and not associated) with CRC patients’ health utility. In 2020, the Vietnamese Ministry of Health actively worked on the guidelines on health technology assessment, and the EQ-5D-5L was advised to use in health economic evaluation. However, it was still underdeveloped before publishing the official documents.25 Nonetheless, it has been recommended in other countries (such as the UK). Since 2008 the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has advised the use of a shorter, generic QoL questionnaire – the EuroQoL EQ-5D-5L – to enable standardisation of QoL measures across varied conditions and populations.26

The overall mean utility score for CRC patients in our study was 0.561, which was lower than that of the general adult population in Vietnam, 0.91.19 Previous studies using the EQ-5D-5L in CRC in other countries reported the scores higher than that of the current study: 0.81 in South Korea in 2012,11 0.710 in Iran in 2017,13 0.87 in Japan in 2017,27 and 0.617 in China (the most recent study) in 2018.28 This difference may be related to the sample percentages for each cancer stage; in our study, most were at the later stages (73% patients in stages III and IV) of cancer development, which may explain the overall low utility score. This explanation is reasonable, as the Chinese study had a sample in which half the patients were at later CRC stages, similar to our study. Participants’ mean utility scores by stage were 0.77, 0.66, 0.56, and 0.5 for Stage I to IV, respectively,28 with the latter two being similar to the overall mean utility score in our study. Further, this difference may also be partially explained by the use of the Vietnamese value set of the EQ-5D-5L, and between-study gaps regarding clinical context, healthcare systems, treatment technological advances, and CRC patients’ socio-economic status.

Nevertheless, higher HRQoL scores in patients with a longer time interval since diagnosis were also found in previous study on CRC patients in Hong Kong.29 However, this finding was not statistically significant in our study, and the time interval time from diagnosis to interview differed between our study and previous studies conducted in Hong Kong (47 months),28 China (26 days),30 Finland (6–8 months),31 and England (at least 12 months).32 In addition, the evidence for the linear relationship between time interval from diagnosis and outcome was inconsistent between previous studies and the current study, which could partially be explained by the differences in the measurement of interval time from diagnosis. The interval between a confirmed CRC diagnosis and the start of treatment may influence patients’ health status in different ways.31,33 A systematic review found a significant association between shorter time since diagnosis and favorable outcomes, including HRQoL, among cancer patients.34 Future studies should better define time intervals as either the duration from diagnosis or the duration from treatment to survey.

Previous studies showed a high prevalence of anxiety/depression among CRC patients, followed by pain/discomfort.11,32,35 These dimensions were also dominant in our study, which found that nine out of ten patients experienced anxiety/depression and, among CRC patients at later stages, pain/discomfort had the most negative influence and was more widespread. Generally, one out of four patients reported experiencing anxiety/depression and pain/discomfort at severe to extreme levels, and there were more severe-level cases in the later stages. These numbers may reflect that most participants in our study were at later stages of CRC (more than 73% were at stages III and IV), as late-stage cancer tends to worsen health status. These results corroborate the findings of Kim et al (South Korea)35 and Weidong et al (China)28 on HRQoL, and findings from other developing countries on pain burden in cancer treatment.36 Among rectal cancer patients in the German population, pain was a common symptom and was strongly associated with reduced QoL scores.37 For rectal cancer patients, stomas are constructed after surgical treatment and are linked to lower quality of life.30,32,38 In clinical settings, healthcare providers should endeavor to manage these problems to mitigate patients’ symptoms, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression by implementing tailored interventions to meet patients’ needs during treatment and when providing healthcare services such as palliative care, particularly for patients at advanced cancer stages.36

Overall, our results suggested that later CRC stages were negatively associated with lower health utility scores, as they showed that patients with CRC stage IV had the lowest overall scores (0.458), while those with CRC stage I had the highest scores (0.806). These results were in line with previous research performed within Asian populations28,30 and populations from other regions.18,39 Furthermore, surgical procedures are usually related to patient-reported lower scores because of its association with pain, health complications, and disease severity.18,28,40,41 In this study, 23.9% of patients underwent surgery, and approximately 90% experienced or appeared to have more severe symptoms at advanced stages, which together explains the decrease in overall scores.

In our study, higher educational levels were associated with higher HRQoL scores in CRC patients, which corroborated the findings of a previous study which analyzed 1294 CRC survivors within the German population.42 This result indicated that people with higher levels of education were more conscious of their health, which, in turn, led to less exposure to environmental risk factors, frequent health check-ups, and a reduced likelihood of advancement to later cancer stages.43,44

Furthermore, being younger was recognized as a predictor of poorer HRQoL scores, a finding that was in line with recent studies on other types of cancers; specifically, one study on CRC survivors’ pain in the UK45 and another in Australia.46 In general, we believe this correlation may reflect patients’ life-stage expectations and demands. Moreover, a CRC diagnosis at a younger age tends to present more aggressive clinical progress, due to the early disease onset of the disease and treatment response.47

Limitations and Strengths

This study had several limitations. First, our study used a cross-sectional design, which does not allow for the examination of causality and long-term effects of CRC on health-related quality of life. Cohort studies should be conducted in the future to examine real-world patient experiences over the course of treatment and associated factors. Second, we utilized convenience sampling. Third, as we did not account for comorbid diseases; this adds another limitation to our study; however, our inclusion criteria comprise those patients primarily diagnosed with CRC. This reflects that main symptoms are most likely due to CRC, rather than other causes. Four, since our sample was selected at a tertiary hospital, it may have resulted in a sample with patients that had more severe cases of CRC. Therefore, our results must be interpreted with caution, but can be generalized for Vietnamese CRC patients.

This study also had several strengths. First, this was the first study using the Vietnamese EQ-5D-5L value set. Second, our results can provide valuable parameters and indicators for further studies on cost-utility or cost-effectiveness analysis. Third, our results add to the current evidence on CRC patients’ health utility scores in Vietnam.

Conclusions

In the present study, CRC patients had poor HRQoL compared to the general population. Patients undergoing surgery for CRC and patients at advanced cancer stages experienced lower HRQoL. Most patients experienced anxiety/depression and pain/discomfort, especially in the later stages of the disease. Older age and higher levels of education were predictors of high HRQoL. This study’s findings provide information on CRC patients’ health utility based on various socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, and this information can be used in future economic evaluations.