Prognostic Factors for Visual Outcomes Following the First Episode of NMOSD-Related Optic Neuritis in Affected Eyes.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to identify prognostic factors for visual outcomes following a first episode of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis (NMOSD-ON) in affected eyes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective study. The study included 50 individuals who were diagnosed with NMOSD-ON (63 affected eyes) in a tertiary institution over a 12-year period. Data regarding any second, or higher, episodes of NMOSD-ON in each eye were not taken into consideration. Medical records of included individuals were reviewed. Demographic data, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics, and treatment outcomes were collected. Main outcome measures of the study were prognostic factors for good visual outcome (best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥ 20/200) following an initial episode of NMOSD-ON in affected eyes.
RESULTS: Sixty-three affected eyes of 50 individuals (3 men and 47 women) were included. BCVA at nadir that was better than counting fingers (CF) (odds ratio 10.43, 95% confidence interval 1.04, 104.45, p = 0.046) and time from NMOSD-ON onset to intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP), less than 21 days (odds ratio 10.73, 95% confidence interval 1.91, 60.01, p = 0.007), were significantly associated with good visual outcomes.
CONCLUSION: BCVA at nadir that was better than CF and treatment with IVMP within 21 days of symptom onset were important prognostic factors of good visual outcomes following a first episode of NMOSD-ON in affected eyes.

Introduction

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe demyelinating disease. It is a spectrum of disease that includes optic neuritis (ON), longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, area postrema, brainstem, diencephalon, and cerebral syndrome. One of the most-common presentations is acute-onset ON. Patients tend to present with severe visual loss, often accompanied by periorbital pain. Early treatment not only preserves better visual outcomes, but also prevents further morbidity and mortality.

NMOSD is a central nervous system (CNS) disease associated with aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies. Initial treatment with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP, 1 gm daily for 3 to 5 consecutive days) is recommended.1–3 Plasma exchange (PLEX) therapy is suggested for patients who have severe clinical attacks and who are unresponsive to glucocorticoids.1–3 Intravenous immunoglobulin has not been specifically evaluated for acute attacks and is rarely used in this setting.4 Only a few studies have identified prognostic factors regarding disease outcomes following treatment for NMOSD. Factors predictive of worse outcome include the number of relapses within the first 2 years, the severity of the first attack, older age at disease onset, length of the ON lesion, and perhaps an association with other autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune antibody status.5–9 In one retrospective study of ON overall (not exclusively neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis (NMOSD-ON)), the researchers found that younger age at ON onset and good initial visual acuity were associated with good visual outcomes.10 However, the authors did not report the prognostic factors for visual outcomes following the first episode of NMOSD-ON per eye. Therefore, our study aimed to identify the prognostic factors for visual outcomes following the first episode of NMOSD-ON in affected eyes.

Materials and Methods

This study followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Patients were informed about the purpose of the study. Consent was obtained from the patients prior to study commencement. All patient data were kept confidentially in our database. Electronic medical records of 50 patients who were diagnosed with NMOSD-ON in the Neuro-Ophthalmology clinic, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, between January 2008 and June 2020, were retrospectively reviewed. For the diagnosis of NMOSD, we followed the international consensus diagnostic criteria for NMOSD with or without AQP4 antibodies.11 All AQP4 antibody testing was performed using cell-based assay. We included eyes that experienced at least one episode of NMOSD-ON. Only data regarding a first episode of NMOSD-ON in affected eyes were evaluated. Thus, data regarding any second, or higher, episodes of NMOSD-ON in each eye were not taken into consideration. Exclusion criteria included affected eyes with at least one of the following: incomplete medical data, or visually significant cataract and/or other ocular diseases affecting best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA).

The following data were collected from the patients’ medical records: AQP4 serostatus, gender, age at first episode of ON in each affected eye, coexisting autoimmune disease, autoimmune antibody, concurrent clinical syndrome of NMOSD during first episode of ON in each affected eye, clinical characteristics including laterality, presence of pain, BCVA at nadir and presence of a swollen optic disc. Anterior visual pathway (AVP) and CNS magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed during the first episode of NMOSD-ON in each eye were also evaluated. Each AVP scan was composed of five segments: orbital optic nerve, intracanalicular optic nerve, intracranial optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract.12 (Figure 1) Treatment outcomes, including time from initial ocular symptoms (pain and/or visual loss) to IVMP administration, and BCVA at recovery were also analysed.

Figure 1

(A) Each AVP scan was composed of five segments: orbital optic nerve, intracanalicular optic nerve, intracranial optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract. (B) Fat-suppressed T1-weighted with gadolinium contrast axial MRI showing enhancement of optic chiasm (arrow) and optic tract (arrowhead).

The primary goal of our study was to identify factors prognostic of good visual outcome following only the first episode of NMOSD-ON in each affected eye. A “good visual outcome” was defined as BCVA at recovery of equal to, or better than 20/200 in the affected eye. For individuals with bilateral simultaneous involvement during their first episode of NMOSD-ON, medical data for the two eyes were analysed independently.

Statistical Analysis

Categorical data were summarized using proportions and percentages, and analysed using a Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Continuous data were summarized using medians and ranges, due to the non-normal distribution of the data, and analysed using the two-sample t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test, depending on the distribution of data. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate prognostic factors. Snellen VA records were converted to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) for statistical analysis. BCVA of counting fingers (CF), hand motion, light perception and no light perception were converted to 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9 logMAR, respectively.13,14 Statistical analyses were performed using STATA software, version 16.0 (StataCorp LLC, TX, USA). P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Demographics and Clinical Characteristics

Sixty-three eyes of 50 individuals (3 men and 47 women) were included in the study; all were Asian. The female: male ratio was 15.6: 1. AQP4 antibodies were positive in 45 of 50 patients (90%). MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) antibodies were tested in all AQP4 seronegative patients (5 patients). None of these 5 patients demonstrated MOG antibodies. In our study, pediatric patients were individuals who were less than 18 years of age. We included 12 affected eyes (19% of total affected eyes) of 6 pediatric patients (12% of all patients). The median age at the first episode of NMOSD-ON in each affected eye was 36 years (range 4–84 years). There were 5 individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus, 4 with Sjogren syndrome and 2 with hyperthyroidism in our cohort. Myelitis, which was discovered concurrently in 10 eyes (15.8%), was the most-common clinical syndrome of NMOSD during the initial ON episodes. Eight patients (16% of all patients) presented with bilateral simultaneous ON (16 affected eyes). The other 42 patients (84% of all patients) presented with unilateral ON (42 affected eyes). During follow-up, 5 patients out of these 42 patients developed ON in the contralateral eyes (previously non-ON eyes) (5 affected eyes). Thus, a total of 63 affected eyes were included in our study. Most of the affected eyes (37 eyes, 58.6%) had BCVA at nadir < 20/400, and 4 of them had no perception of light. Pain and a swollen optic disc were present in 36 eyes (57.1%) and 18 eyes (28.5%), respectively. Demographic data and clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1

Demographic Data and Clinical Characteristics

Variables	Values
Number of patients	50
Number of affected eyes	63
AQP4 serostatus
AQP4 positive, n of patients (%)	45 (90%)
AQP4 negative, n of patients (%)	5 (10%)
Gender
Male, n of patients (%)	3 (6%)
Female, n of patients (%)	47 (94%)
Age at first episode of ON in each affected eye (years), median (min, max)	36 (4, 84)
Co-existing autoimmune disease, n of patients (%)	11 (22%)
SLE, n of patients (%)	5 (10%)
Sjogren syndrome, n of patients (%)	4 (8%)
Hyperthyroidism, n of patients (%)	2 (4%)
Autoimmune antibody, n of patients (%)	26 (52%)
Concurrent clinical syndrome of NMOSD during first episode of ON in each eye, n of eyes (%)	15 (23.8%)
Myelitis, n of eyes (%)	10 (15.8%)
Area postrema syndrome, n of eyes (%)	2 (3.2%)
Myelitis with area postrema syndrome, n of eyes (%)	2 (3.2%)
Myelitis with brainstem syndrome, n of eyes (%)	1 (1.6%)
Laterality of first ON presentation
Unilateral, n of patients (%)	42 (84%)
Bilateral simultaneous, n of patients (%)	8 (16%)
Presence of pain at first episode of ON in each affected eye, n of eyes (%)	36 (57.1%)
BCVA at nadir (logMAR), median (min, max)	2.6 (0.18, 2.9)
BCVA at nadir
20/20 to 20/70, n of eyes (%)	7 (11.2%)
< 20/70 to 20/200, n of eyes (%)	12 (19.0%)
< 20/200 to 20/400, n of eyes (%)	7 (11.2%)
< 20/400 to light perception, n of eyes (%)	33 (52.3%)
No perception of light, n of eyes (%)	4 (6.3%)
Presence of swollen optic disc, n of eyes (%)	18 (28.5%)

Abbreviations: n, number; min, minimum; max, maximum; AQP4, aquaporin-4; ON, optic neuritis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity.

MRI Characteristics

AVP images were available for 57 affected eyes. Thirty-eight eyes (66.6%) showed 2 or more consecutive segments of AVP involvement. The orbital optic nerve, involved in 45 eyes (78.9%), was the most-affected segment. CNS MRI scans were available for 61 affected eyes. CNS MRI abnormalities were observed in the scans associated with 31 eyes (50.8%). MRI characteristics from the first episode of NMOSD-ON in each affected eye are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2

MRI Characteristics During the First Episode of NMOSD-ON in Each Affected Eye

Variables	Values
Segmental enhancement of AVP, n of eyes with enhancement (percentages of the 57 eyes with available AVP images)
Orbital optic nerve	45 (78.9%)
Intracanalicular optic nerve	40 (70.1%)
Intracranial optic nerve	22 (38.6%)
Optic chiasm	6 (10.5%)
Optic tract	3 (5.2%)
≥ 2 consecutive segments	38 (66.6%)
CNS MRI abnormality, n of eyes with abnormality (percentages of the 61 eyes with available CNS MRI images)	31 (50.8%)
Brain lesion only	21 (34.4%)
Cord lesion only	4 (6.5%)
Both brain and cord lesions	6 (9.8%)

Abbreviations: MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NMOSD-ON, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis; n, number; AVP, anterior visual pathway; CNS, central nervous system.

Treatment Outcomes

All patients in this cohort were treated with 3–5 consecutive days of intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) 1 g/day (for adults) or 30 mg/kg/day (maximum 1 g/day) (for pediatrics), followed by slowly tapered prednisolone for 2–3 months and immunosuppressive drugs.

The median time from initial ocular symptoms (pain and/or visual loss) to the start of IVMP administration was 4 days (range 1–60 days). The duration of IVMP treatment ranged from 3 to 5 days. After acute treatment with IVMP, nearly all affected eyes (95.2%) showed improved BCVA at recovery, in a median time of 56 days (range 7–196 days). Median BCVA at recovery was 0.3 logMAR (range 0.0–2.7), which was significantly better than the median BCVA at nadir (2.6 logMAR, range 0.18–2.9, p < 0.001). Adjunct PLEX therapy was performed in connection with only 4 of the affected eyes (6.35%), which did not respond to IVMP. Half of those eyes showed improvement in BCVA at recovery. The treatment outcomes following the first episode of NMOSD-ON are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3

Treatment Outcomes Following the First Episode of NMOSD-ON in Each Affected Eye

Variables	Values
Time from initial ocular symptoms (pain and/or visual loss) to start of IVMP (days), median (min, max)	4 (1, 60)
Duration of IVMP therapy (days), median (min, max)	5 (3, 5)
BCVA at recovery (logMAR), median (min, max)	0.3 (0, 2.7)
BCVA at recovery
20/20 to 20/70, n of eyes (%)	42 (66.6%)
< 20/70 to 20/200, n of eyes (%)	12 (19.0%)
< 20/200 to 20/400, n of eyes (%)	2 (3.2%)
< 20/400 to light perception, n of eyes (%)	7 (11.2%)
No perception of light, n of eyes (%)	0
Visual outcome (BCVA)
Improved, n of eyes (%)	60 (95.2%)
Stable, n of eyes (%)	2 (3.2%)
Worsened, n of eyes (%)	1 (1.6%)
Time to BCVA recovery (days), median (min, max)	56 (7, 196)

Abbreviations: NMOSD-ON, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis; IVMP, intravenous methylprednisolone; min, minimum; max, maximum; logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; n, number; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity.

Prognostic Factors Analysis of Good Visual Outcome

In our study, a good visual outcome was defined as BCVA at recovery following the first episode of NMOSD-ON as equal to, or better than 20/200 in the affected eye. Analysis of factors prognostic of good visual outcome is provided in Table 4. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses (Tables 5 and 6, respectively) showed that the BCVA at nadir was significantly related to a good visual outcome when the BCVA at nadir was better than CF (odds ratio (OR) 10.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 104.45, p = 0.046). Regarding the time from initial ocular symptoms to IVMP, a good visual outcome was significantly more likely in cases treated with IVMP within 21 days of NMOSD-ON onset (OR 10.73, 95% CI 1.91, 60.01, p = 0.007).

Table 4

Analysis of Factors Prognostic of Good Visual Outcome Following the First Episode of NMOSD-ON in Each Affected Eye

Prognostic Factors	BCVA at Recovery ≥ 20/200(N = 54 Eyes)	BCVA at Recovery < 20/200(N = 9 Eyes)	p-value
Demographic data
AQP4 serostatus
AQP4 positive, n of eyes (%)	46 (85.2%)	9 (100%)	0.59
AQP4 negative, n of eyes (%)	8 (14.8%)	0
Gender
Male, n of eyes (%)	5 (9.3%)	0	1.00
Female, n of eyes (%)	49 (90.7%)	9 (100%)
Age at first episode of ON in each affected eye (years), median (min, max)	37 (4, 84)	29 (4, 80)	0.85
Co-existing autoimmune disease, n of eyes (%)	11 (20.3%)	2 (22.2%)	1.00
SLE, n of eyes (%)	6 (11.1%)	1 (11.1%)	1.00
Sjogren syndrome, n of eyes (%)	4 (7.4%)	0	1.00
Hyperthyroidism, n of eyes (%)	1 (1.8%)	1 (11.1%)	0.26
Autoimmune antibody, n of eyes (%)	27 (50%)	3 (33.3%)	0.47
Concurrent clinical syndrome of NMOSD during first episode of ON in each affected eye, n of eyes (%)	12 (22.2%)	3 (33.3%)	0.43
Myelitis, n of eyes (%)	8 (14.8%)	2 (22.2%)	0.62
Area postrema syndrome, n of eyes (%)	1 (1.8%)	1 (11.1%)	0.26
Myelitis with area postrema syndrome, n of eyes (%)	2 (3.8%)	0	1.00
Myelitis with brainstem syndrome, n of eyes (%)	1 (1.8%)	0	1.00
Clinical characteristics
Laterality at first episode of ON in each affected eye
Unilateral, n of eyes (%)	41 (76%)	6 (66.6%)	0.68
Bilateral simultaneous, n of eyes (%)	13 (24%)	3 (33.3%)
Presence of pain at first episode of ON in each affected eye, n of eyes (%)	33 (61.1%)	3 (33.3%)	0.15
BCVA at nadir (logMAR), median (min, max)	2.21 (0.18, 2.9)	2.6 (0.7, 2.7)	0.19
BCVA at nadir better than CF, n of eyes (%)	27 (50%)	1 (11.1%)	0.03*
Presence of swollen optic disc, n of eyes (%)	14 (25.9%)	4 (44.4%)	0.26
MRI characteristics†
Segmental enhancement of AVP, [n of eyes with enhancement/n of eyes with available AVP images per BCVA at recovery group]
Orbital optic nerve	36/48 (75%)	9/9 (100%)	0.18
Intracanalicular optic nerve	35/48 (72.9%)	5/9 (55.5%)	0.42
Intracranial optic nerve	19/48 (39.5%)	3/9 (33.3%)	1.00
Optic chiasm	6/48 (12.5%)	0	0.57
Optic tract	3/48 (6.25%)	0	1.00
≥ 2 consecutive segments	33/48 (68.7%)	5/9 (55.5%)	0.46
CNS MRI abnormality, [n of eyes with abnormality/n of eyes with available CNS MRI images per BCVA at recovery group]	27/52 (51.9%)	4/9 (44.4%)	0.73
Brain lesion only	19/52 (36.5%)	2/9 (22.2%)	0.47
Cord lesion only	3/52 (5.8%)	1/9 (11.1%)	0.48
Both brain and cord lesions	5/52 (9.6%)	1/9 (11.1%)	1.00
IVMP treatment
Time from initial ocular symptoms (pain and/or visual loss) to start of IVMP
Days, median (min, max)	4 (1, 42)	21 (1, 60)	0.04*
Less than 21 days, n of eyes (%)	47 (87%)	4 (44.4%)	0.003*
Duration of IVMP treatment (days), median (min, max)	4 (3, 5)	5 (3, 5)	0.72
Time to BCVA recovery (days), median (min, max)	56 (7, 196)	45.5 (14, 98)	0.48

Notes: †AVP images were available for 57 affected eyes (48 eyes in the BCVA at recovery ≥20/200 group and 9 eyes in the BCVA at recovery < 20/200 group), and CNS MRI scans were available for 61 affected eyes (52 eyes in the BCVA ≥ 20/200 at recovery group and 9 eyes in the BCVA at recovery < 20/200 group). *Statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: NMOSD-ON, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis; ON, optic neuritis; NMOSD, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; n, number; min, minimum; max, maximum; AQP4, aquaporin-4; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; CF, counting fingers; logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; AVP, anterior visual pathway; CNS, central nervous system; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; IVMP, intravenous methylprednisolone; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity.

Table 5

Univariate Analysis

Prognostic Factors	OR	95% CI	p-value
Time from initial ocular symptoms (pain and/or visual loss) to IVMP in each affected eye
Less than 21 days	8.39	1.8, 38.9	0.007*
Time from initial ocular symptoms (pain and/or visual loss) to IVMP in each affected eye (days)	0.94	0.9, 1	0.016*
BCVA at nadir better than CF	8.00	0.97, 1.04	0.04*

Note: *Statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IVMP, intravenous methylprednisolone; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; CF, counting fingers.

Table 6

Multivariate Analysis

Prognostic Factors	OR	95% CI	p-value
Time from initial ocular symptoms (pain and/or visual loss) to IVMP in each affected eye
Less than 21 days	10.73	1.91, 60.01	0.007*
BCVA at nadir better than CF	10.43	1.04, 104.45	0.046*

Note: *Statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IVMP, intravenous methylprednisolone; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; CF, counting fingers.

Discussion

Records from 63 NMOSD-ON-affected eyes of 50 patients were retrospectively reviewed in our study. The aim of our study was to identify factors that predicted good visual outcomes following the first episode of NMOSD-ON in each affected eye in the Thai population.

Our cohort was similar to several previous studies in terms of AQP4 serostatus, female predominance, age at first episode of ON in each affected eye, laterality.1,10,15–24 Most of the affected eyes (37 eyes, 58.6%) in our study presented with BCVA at nadir < 20/400. This result was fairly similar to several other studies, which provides additional evidences that NMOSD-ON is typically severe.16,23 We found that the orbital optic nerve was the most-commonly affected segment of the AVP, based on enhancement of MRI. Two-thirds (66.6%) of affected eyes demonstrated two or more consecutive segments of AVP involvement. These radiological findings support the finding that longitudinally extensive lesions of the retrobulbar optic nerve are commonly observed in NMOSD-ON.9 Involvement of the optic chiasm (10.5%) and optic tract (5.2%) were slightly lower in our study than in previous studies.23,24 This might be due to the differences in time from initial ocular symptoms (pain and/or visual loss) to MRI examination among studies, which could affect the appearance of enhancement on MRI.

We found that, after acute treatment with IVMP, nearly all of the affected eyes (95.2%) had improved BCVA at recovery. Median BCVA at recovery was 0.3 logMAR (range 0.0–2.7), which was significantly better than BCVA at nadir (2.6 logMAR, range 0.18–2.9, p < 0.001). More than half of the affected eyes (66.6%) showed BCVA at recovery in the range of 20/20 to 20/70. In our study, BCVA results at recovery were better than those in previous studies.10,16 This might be due to the fact that we assessed BCVA at recovery following only the first episode, in contrast to other studies, which evaluated final BCVA. Moreover, a large number of affected eyes in our study started treatment with IVMP very early (median time of 4 days).

We found a statistically significant correlation between time from initial ocular symptoms to start of IVMP, and visual outcome. Starting IVMP within 21 days of NMOSD-ON onset was significantly related to good visual outcome (BCVA ≥ 20/200, OR 10.73, 95% CI 1.91, 60.01, p = 0.007). This finding is comparable to results in a study reported by Akaishi et al, who demonstrated that a shorter duration from NMOSD-ON onset to initiation of IVMP significantly affected the visual outcome 1 year later.25 However, Akaishi et al did not state the cut-off duration from NMOSD onset to initiation of IVMP (days) that statistically significantly predicted good visual outcomes. There likely are advantages to initiating treatment with IVMP as soon as possible. Inflammatory demyelination of the optic nerve, causing perivascular cuffing, nerve sheath oedema and myelin break down, are found in the acute phase of the disease.6 Early treatment with IVMP rapidly helps control inflammation and prevents further, irreversible structural damage of the retinal nerve fiber layer.

We also discovered that BCVA at nadir was associated with visual outcomes. BCVA at nadir that was better than CF was statistically significantly associated with good visual outcomes (OR 10.43, 95% CI 1.04, 104.45, p = 0.046). To our knowledge, ours is the first study to report this correlation in NMOSD-ON-affected eyes. Hansapinyo et al reported that initial BCVA of 20/20 – 20/60 was associated with good final visual outcome (their definition was final BCVA ≥ 20/60).10 However, they included a variety of types of ON (not exclusively NMOSD-ON). Moreover, they assessed final BCVA, unlike BCVA at recovery following the first episode of ON, as in our study. Severity of BCVA at nadir might reflect the degree of structural and functional damage from the NMOSD-ON. Therefore, we hypothesized that good BCVA at nadir could relate to good BCVA at recovery; our findings support that hypothesis.

In multivariate analysis, time from initial ocular symptoms to IVMP, less than 21 days, and BCVA at nadir better than CF were both significantly associated with good visual outcomes. Therefore, if a patient’s BCVA at nadir is better than CF in the affected eye, and administration of IVMP begins within 21 days of ON onset, the odds are favourable that the affected eye will recover to a good visual outcome at recovery. This finding may help clinicians in advising patients regarding their visual prognosis following a first episode of NMOSD-ON in their eye.

In our study, we found that younger age at first episode of ON in each affected eye tended to be associated with worse visual outcome. However, this finding was not statistically significant (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.97, 1.04, p = 0.92). This is fairly similar to one previous study, reported by Kitley et al,8 in which younger subjects suffered from more severe disease, leading to worse visual outcomes. We did not find a significant association between co-existing autoimmune diseases and visual outcome, which is a similar result to that reported by Akaishi et al.25 In contrast to our study, some previous studies demonstrated worse visual prognosis in subjects with older age at ON onset and co-existing autoimmune diseases.7,9 This might be due to the difference between studies in inclusion criteria, in terms of age at ON onset. In our study, we included 12 affected eyes (19% of total affected eyes) of 6 pediatric patients (12% of all patients). Moreover, this could affect the study results since autoimmune diseases are very rare in the pediatric population.

A prior report by Akaishi et al suggested that abnormal axial signal length of the optic nerve in the acute phase significantly affected visual prognosis.9 We did not find a significant association between number of segments of AVP involved and visual outcomes, like Akaishi’s study.9 However, in our study, we investigated only the presence of two or more consecutive segments involved, based on contrast enhancement of AVP, instead of the actual length of contrast enhancement.

There were several strengths in our study. First, we collected various aspects of demographic data, and clinical and MRI characteristics, to analyse as many potential prognostic factors as possible that might affect the visual outcome. Second, the numbers of subjects and affected eyes in our study were quite large. Third, AVP and CNS MRI images were available for nearly all of the affected eyes. Lastly, pediatric subjects were also included in our study, so our results are applicable to the pediatric population.

There were, however, some limitations in our study. First, it was retrospective in design, which resulted in some incomplete data. Second, we evaluated visual outcomes following only the first episode of NMOSD-ON in each affected eye, not final visual outcomes. Third, since all patients in our study were Asian, our results might not be applicable to other ethnicities. Fourth, we did not assess other elements of visual function, such as tests of colour vision, contrast sensitivity and visual field, or structural characteristics, such as retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and macular ganglion cell analysis. Finally, we did not evaluate the adjunctive effect of PLEX, due to the small number of eyes of patients who received PLEX in our study (4 affected eyes). Further prospective study, in a larger cohort, is therefore warranted, and would provide more-conclusive information regarding prognostic factors for visual outcome following the first episode of NMOSD-ON.

Conclusions

In summary, most patients with an NMOSD-ON-affected eye, or eyes, presented with severe visual loss. Early treatment with IVMP could preserve better vision. BCVA at nadir that was better than CF and early treatment with IVMP (within 21 days of NMOSD-ON onset) were important predictors of good visual outcomes following the first episode of NMOSD-ON in each affected eye.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.