Near-infrared spectroscopy in quality control of Piper nigrum: A comparison of performance of benchtop and handheld spectrometers.

Developing effective ways for controlling the quality of natural products that are sold in high volume worldwide is currently one of the most urgent goals of analytical chemistry. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a major spice that constitutes 34% of the global spice market. Black pepper is highly prone to quality variations, arising from alteration of the piperine content. Miniaturized NIR spectroscopy offers a high-throughput, cost-effective and laboratory independent technique for quality control of black pepper. Handheld NIR spectrometers differ in the implemented technology, with impact on their analytical performance and unit cost. In this work, the performance of three miniaturized NIR instruments in quantification of piperine in whole and milled seeds of black pepper was investigated. With HPLC method used as the reference analysis, partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were constructed for NIR spectra while the prediction accuracy with respect to the spectrometer used was monitored through root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) determined for an independent test set validation. Prediction of piperine content in milled seeds was achieved with a RMSEP of 0.18% using the benchtop spectrometer Büchi NIRFlex N-500; while handheld instruments offered, respectively, 0.22% (microPHAZIR), 0.26% (MicroNIR 2200) and 0.42% (SCiO). In contrast, for the analysis of the whole pepper seeds, only the Büchi NIRFlex N-500 (RMSEP: 0.30%) and the Viavi MicroNIR 2200 (RMSEP: 0.37%) gained reliable results. The performance of Thermo Scientific microPHAZIR was satisfactory (RMSEP: 0.75%). The consumer-aimed spectrometer SCiO (Consumer Physics) was found adequate for milled samples, while the analysis of the whole seeds was unsuccessful. To gain better understanding of the features of PLSR models of piperine content in black pepper, quantum mechanical simulation of NIR absorption bands of piperine was performed. This step enabled elucidating the chemical information relevant to the calibration model, and interpreting the difference in the analytical performance of the compared spectrometers with statistical parameters of the calibration models below acceptable levels.