Marta Revilla-León1,2,3, Jorge Alberto Morillo4, Wael Att5, Mutlu Özcan6. 1. Comprehensive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX. 2. Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 3. Revilla Research Center, Madrid, Spain. 4. Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX. 5. Prosthodontics Department, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA. 6. Division of Dental Biomaterials, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To measure the chemical composition, Knoop hardness, surface roughness, and composite bond strength of additive manufactured (AM) and conventional interim materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Disks were prepared using conventionally (CNV group) and additively manufactured (AM group) materials: CNV-1 (Protemp 4; 3M ESPE), CNV-2 (Anaxdent new outline dentin; Anaxdent), AM-1 (FreePrint temp; Detax), AM-2 (E-Dent 400 C&B MFH; Envisiontec), AM-3 (NextDent C&B MFH; 3D Systems), and AM-4 (Med620 VEROGlaze; Stratasys). Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups (n = 20) for analyzing Knoop hardness (KHN), chemical composition, superficial roughness (Ra), and composite shear bond strength. The first subgroup was exposed to a microhardness test. Subsequently, EDAX analysis was selected to analyze the chemical composition. The second subgroup was selected to measure the superficial roughness (Ra) using a contact profilometer. The third subgroup was used to measured composite shear bond strength using a universal testing apparatus. A digital microscope was used to analyze the fracture mode. The Shapiro-Wilk test showed normally distributed data. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Sidak tests were selected (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Major variances in chemical composition were observed among the specimens. Significant differences in Knoop hardness (p < 0.001) and surface roughness (p < 0.001) were detected. The AM-4 (13.45 ± 2.93 KHN), the CNV-2 (13.35 ± 5.84 KHN), the AM-2 (13.03 ± 3.29 KHN), and the AM-1 (12.55 ± 2.93 KHN) groups obtained the highest Knoop hardness values, followed by the AM-3 and the CNV-1 groups (p < 0.05). The AM-1 group (1.88 ± 1.11 Ra) obtained the highest surface roughness values among the groups, followed by the AM-3 group (0.90 ± 0.14 Ra) (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences in shear bond strength values were found between the groups ranging from 23.18 ± 8.88 MPa to 33.29 ± 9.17 MPa (p = 0.061). All the groups showed a cohesive mode of failure. CONCLUSIONS: The AM interim materials tested had significant chemical composition variations compared to conventional materials. For the mechanical properties evaluated, the AM materials obtained appropriate mechanical properties for use as an interim dental restoration. However, further studies are required to evaluate more extensively its mechanical properties and verify their applicability in the oral cavity, clinical behavior, and biocompatibility.
PURPOSE: To measure the chemical composition, Knoop hardness, surface roughness, and composite bond strength of additive manufactured (AM) and conventional interim materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Disks were prepared using conventionally (CNV group) and additively manufactured (AM group) materials: CNV-1 (Protemp 4; 3M ESPE), CNV-2 (Anaxdent new outline dentin; Anaxdent), AM-1 (FreePrint temp; Detax), AM-2 (E-Dent 400 C&B MFH; Envisiontec), AM-3 (NextDent C&B MFH; 3D Systems), and AM-4 (Med620 VEROGlaze; Stratasys). Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups (n = 20) for analyzing Knoop hardness (KHN), chemical composition, superficial roughness (Ra), and composite shear bond strength. The first subgroup was exposed to a microhardness test. Subsequently, EDAX analysis was selected to analyze the chemical composition. The second subgroup was selected to measure the superficial roughness (Ra) using a contact profilometer. The third subgroup was used to measured composite shear bond strength using a universal testing apparatus. A digital microscope was used to analyze the fracture mode. The Shapiro-Wilk test showed normally distributed data. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Sidak tests were selected (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Major variances in chemical composition were observed among the specimens. Significant differences in Knoop hardness (p < 0.001) and surface roughness (p < 0.001) were detected. The AM-4 (13.45 ± 2.93 KHN), the CNV-2 (13.35 ± 5.84 KHN), the AM-2 (13.03 ± 3.29 KHN), and the AM-1 (12.55 ± 2.93 KHN) groups obtained the highest Knoop hardness values, followed by the AM-3 and the CNV-1 groups (p < 0.05). The AM-1 group (1.88 ± 1.11 Ra) obtained the highest surface roughness values among the groups, followed by the AM-3 group (0.90 ± 0.14 Ra) (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences in shear bond strength values were found between the groups ranging from 23.18 ± 8.88 MPa to 33.29 ± 9.17 MPa (p = 0.061). All the groups showed a cohesive mode of failure. CONCLUSIONS: The AM interim materials tested had significant chemical composition variations compared to conventional materials. For the mechanical properties evaluated, the AM materials obtained appropriate mechanical properties for use as an interim dental restoration. However, further studies are required to evaluate more extensively its mechanical properties and verify their applicability in the oral cavity, clinical behavior, and biocompatibility.
Authors: Taseef Hasan Farook; Nafij Bin Jamayet; Jawaad Ahmed Asif; Abdul Sattar Din; Muhammad Nasiruddin Mahyuddin; Mohammad Khursheed Alam Journal: Sci Rep Date: 2021-04-19 Impact factor: 4.379
Authors: Amal S Al-Qahtani; Huda I Tulbah; Mashael Binhasan; Maria S Abbasi; Naseer Ahmed; Sara Shabib; Imran Farooq; Nada Aldahian; Sidra S Nisar; Syeda A Tanveer; Fahim Vohra; Tariq Abduljabbar Journal: Polymers (Basel) Date: 2021-11-24 Impact factor: 4.329