Prosthetic joint infection. A relevant public health issue.

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a common complication of the knee and hip arthroplasty and represents a huge challenge for physicians. PJI raises serious social, economic and clinical concerns in the public health that need a comprehensive approach to better focus on proven strategies for disease prevention and treatment. History and clinical signs on joint site are useful means for suspecting PJI that need to be confirmed through major and minor diagnostic criteria. The pathogen isolation and the resulting antibiogram are crucial to guide the correct antibiotic strategy and together with surgical treatment (prosthesis revision and spacer implantation) represent the cornerstones to eradicate the infection before attempting a new arthroplasty. External fixator with removal of the spacer may be an option before performing a new arthroplasty when the infection does not heal. Arthrodesis may also be considered if the arthroplasty is contraindicated. Limb amputation is the last chance when pathogen eradication failed and might lead to life-threatening situations.