Complete relief of vasospasm - Effect of nicardipine coating during direct clipping for the patient with symptomatic vasospasm of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Some patients come to the hospital presenting with ischemic neurological deficits due to postsubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) cerebral vasospasm. In such a situation, neurosurgeons tend to avoid direct clipping, since mechanical irritation to the vessels could worsen the vasospasm and exacerbate ischemic symptoms. The optimal timing of direct clipping in patients with evidence of vasospasm is undetermined. Herein, we present the case of a patient who underwent direct clipping in the presence of severe symptomatic and post-SAH angiographic vasospasm. During surgery, we coated the severely spastic artery with nicardipine. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 49-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with the diagnosis of ruptured intracranial aneurysm and severe vasospasm. On the admission day, we performed direct clipping together with direct application of nicardipine to the spastic artery. Postoperative immediate cerebral angiography showed complete disappearance of the vasospasm.
CONCLUSION: Direct clipping should not be contraindicated during the vasospasm period in patients with a ruptured aneurysm, and direct application of nicardipine on the spastic artery would completely relieve vasospasm. Copyright:

INTRODUCTION

Most patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) experience sudden, severe headache and come to the hospital on day 1. However, rarely, few patients come to the hospital due to ischemic neurological deficits during cerebral vasospasm post-SAH. In clinical practice, neurosurgeons tend to avoid direct clipping during cerebral vasospasm since mechanical irritation to the arteries could worsen vasospasm and exacerbate postoperative ischemic symptoms. Some studies reported that surgery during cerebral vasospasm increases the frequency of cerebral vasospasm and has a poor prognosis.[8,10,11]

Conversely, the timing of aneurysm surgery is reported to not influence the development of delayed cerebral ischemia;[16] furthermore, intermediate surgery (operated 4–7 days after the onset of SAH) is reported to be better than late surgery (operated after the 8th day) in terms of their outcomes.[4] However, since patients in these reports are not stratified in view of the evidence of vasospasm at the time of direct surgery, the safety of direct clipping for patients with vasospasm is not shown. Therefore, the optimal timing of direct clipping in patients with the evidence of vasospasm is still a subject of debate.

We herein report a successfully treated patient who underwent direct clipping with severe symptomatic and angiographic vasospasm after SAH. During surgery, we coated nicardipine to the artery where we suspected severe vasospasm. Postoperative cerebral angiography (CAG), performed immediately after the procedure, confirmed that the vasospasm was completely released.

CASE DESCRIPTION

A 49-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with complaints of general fatigue, sweating, and headache for 6 days and consciousness disturbance. She had right hand weakness for 1 day.

On admission, she had disturbance of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale, E4V4M6) with dysarthria, aphasia, and dexterity impairment of the right hand. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a localized clot in the left Sylvian fissure with perifocal edema [Figure 1a]. CAG demonstrated severe vasospasm from the left sphenoidal segment of the middle cerebral artery (M1) to the insular segment of the middle cerebral artery (M2) and disclosed small aneurysm formation at the left M1–M2 bifurcation [Figure 1b and c]. We considered that the aneurysm may be thrombosed or difficult to visualize because of vasospasm and performed direct clipping.

Figure 1:

(a) Computed tomography, at admission, demonstrating that localized thick clot in the left Sylvian fissure. Note that it comes with perifocal edema. (b) Preoperative cerebral angiography demonstrating that the left middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery showed evidence of severe vasospasm. (c) Three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography, operative view, demonstrating that small aneurysm originates from the left sphenoidal segment of middle cerebral artery (M1) – insular segment of middle cerebral artery (M2) bifurcation (arrow). Note that severe vasospasm was observed in M1 (arrow head).

During surgery, after the ruptured aneurysm was clipped [Figure 2a and b], we removed as much thick clot around the vessels as possible and placed oxidized cellulose (Surgicel; Johnson & Johnson, Tokyo, Japan) around M1 and M2, which was soaked with 2 mg of an undiluted solution of nicardipine [Figure 2c]. CAG, performed immediately after the surgery, confirmed complete clipping and complete disappearance of angiographic vasospasm from M1 and M2, which were coated with nicardipine during surgery [Figure 3a].

Figure 2:

(a) Intraoperative photograph during direct clipping demonstrating that the left M1-M2 bifurcation aneurysm was exposed. A fibrin cap covers the dome of the aneurysm and the source of intra-Sylvian hematoma was determined to be this small aneurysm. (b) The ruptured aneurysm was occluded with two clips. (c) After clipping of the aneurysm, spastic vessels were directly applied with nicardipine which was soaked in oxidized cellulose.

Figure 3:

(a) Postoperative cerebral angiography, performed just after the direct clipping of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm, demonstrating that the left M1 was completed dilated. (b) Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), on the 3rd day of operation, demonstrating that the left MCA showed evidence of vasospasm. (c) MRA, on the 18th day of the operation, demonstrating no evidence of vasospasm on the left anterior cerebral artery and MCA.

Postoperatively, the patient received an intravenous infusion of ozagrel sodium at 80 mg/day, an intravenous infusion of nicardipine at 24 mg/day, an intravenous drip of fasudil hydrochloride at 90 mg/day, and a maintenance intravenous Vitamin B1-containing infusion (BFLUID® Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan) 1000 mL/day.

Although her symptoms did not deteriorate after surgery, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) performed 3 days after the operation showed reappearance of vasospasm [Figure 3b]. She was discharged from our hospital with a full functional recovery 18 days after the admission. MRA at the discharge demonstrated disappearance of angiographical vasospasm [Figure 3c].

DISCUSSION

This case revealed that vasospasm could be markedly relieved by placing oxidized cellulose soaked with nicardipine solution to the arteries during the procedure at least transitionally. Nicardipine is reported to have an effect on the prevention of symptomatic vasospasm after SAH. A few RCTs demonstrated that intravenous nicardipine (0.15 mg/kg/h) could significantly reduce vasospasm incidence,[7,17] and nicardipine prolonged-release implants could significantly improve outcome of patients.[3,17] Furthermore, intra-arterial nicardipine employed to the spastic vessels during the endovascular treatment for cerebral vasospasm can dilate the spastic vessels immediately.[1] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that direct application of nicardipine has a strong dilatation effect on the spastic vessels.

However, a precaution should be taken in the direct application of nicardipine. The effect may be transitory, and vasospasm may reappear. As shown in Figure 3b, MRA performed 3 days after the operation showed vasospasm reappearance at M1. This matter may be explained by the dilution of the drug around the blood vessel. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining the appropriate concentration of nicardipine in the surrounding cistern[12] and described the efficacy of nicardipine prolonged-release implant for the prevention of vasospasm after SAH.[3,12]

You may argue that endovascular approaches may be a mainstream option, as some reports demonstrated that the timing of endovascular treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysms does not raise the occurrence of clinical vasospasm and/or outcomes.[2,6,13,18] In addition, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for vasospasm is efficient in dilating the luminal caliber, increasing cerebral blood flow, and improving neurological function.[15,19]

However, endovascular treatment is not suitable in all cases. The wide neck, small aneurysms at the distal arterial tree, as in this case, does not appear to facilitate complete occlusion. In addition, there are complications associated with the endovascular procedure. The clinical study for analyzing the occurrence and outcome of complications in the endovascular treatment showed that the endovascular approach has an approximately 4.4% risk of intraoperative rupture (notably, ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms have an intraoperative rupture risk as high as 8.5%) and 12.5% risk of thromboembolic events.[14] Regarding vasospasm, the endovascular approach is reported to have an approximately 3.1% risk of complications, including intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia, and puncture site complications.[9] Furthermore, PTA procedures are reported to have 2%–5% risk of stroke or death.[5]

Compared to endovascular surgery, direct clippings have several advantages. The risk of rebleeding after the direct procedure is lower than that in endovascular procedure. If the aneurysm ruptures intraoperatively, we can take more measures to deal with it during direct clipping than when we can take during endovascular treatment. The disadvantage we fear most about direct clipping during vasospasm is that surgical manipulation of the spastic arteries may aggravate arterial narrowing, which results in postoperative ischemic deficits. However, direct application of nicardipine relieved the vasospasm and may no longer be contraindicated for the patient, even in the presence of symptomatic and/or angiographical severe vasospasm.

The limitation of this study is that we experienced only one case where nicardipine was directly applied to the spastic artery; therefore, we could not draw a preferable general conclusion. However, our experience encourages rescue measures in direct clipping, with the assumption that it would be a preferable treatment option for similar cases.

CONCLUSION

Direct application of nicardipine for the spastic artery completely relieved the vasospasm, thus, supporting the view that direct clipping is not a contraindication for the ruptured aneurysm in patients with vasospasm.