Cardiac Surgeons' Treatment Approaches for Infective Endocarditis Based on Patients' Substance Use History.

U.S. cardiac surgeons encounter complex decision-making when treating patients with injection drug use-associated infective endocarditis (IDU-IE). We evaluated surgeons' treatment approaches for IDU-IE compared to non-IDU-IE. This is an anonymous survey of U.S. cardiac surgeons who answered hypothetical infective endocarditis (IE) clinical scenarios that varied based on patient substance use history, addiction treatment, and history of IE. Treatment approaches were classified as operative vs non-operative. Responses were descriptively analyzed. The survey response rate was 8.7% (n=208). Survey respondents were mostly male (85.6%) and non-Hispanic white (67.8%), but were from all regions of the United States. Surgeons reported they would operate at similar proportions for patients with native valve non-IDU-IE (63%) and IDU-IE engaged in methadone treatment (64.5%). Most surgeons reported they would operate on patients with recurrent non-IDU-IE (93.1%) compared to only 26.4% for patients with recurrent IDU-IE (P<0.001). Most surgeons reported they would place no limits on the number of operations for patients with recurrent non-IDU-IE (73.1%), whereas 83.5% of surgeons would limit the number of surgeries for patients with recurrent IDU-IE (P<0.001). Most respondents reported having declined to operate on patients with IDU-IE (63.5%). Cardiac surgeons are less likely to report favoring operative management for primary and recurrent infection in patients with IDU-IE, though patient engagement in methadone treatment increased the likelihood of them taking an operative approach. There is opportunity to standardize the care, including addiction treatment, of patients with IDU-IE to optimize positive short and long-term outcomes.