Janelle Unger1,2, Alison R Oates3, Joel Lanovaz3, Katherine Chan2, Jae W Lee2,4, Pirashanth Theventhiran2,4, Kei Masani2,4, Kristin E Musselman1,2,5. 1. Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 2. Lyndhurst Centre, KITE - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. 3. College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. 4. Institute of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 5. Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate test-retest reliability, agreement, and convergent validity of the Lean-and-Release test for the assessment of reactive stepping among individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury or disease (iSCI/D). DESIGN: Multi-center cross-sectional multiple test design. SETTING: SCI/D rehabilitation hospital and biomechanics laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals with motor incomplete SCI/D (iSCI/D). INTERVENTIONS: None. OUTCOME MEASURES: Twenty-six participants attended two sessions to complete the Lean-and-Release test and a battery of clinical tests. Behavioral (i.e. one-step, multi-step, loss of balance) and temporal (i.e. timing of foot off, foot contact, swing of reactive step) parameters were measured. Test-retest reliability was determined with intraclass correlation coefficients, and agreement was evaluated with Bland-Altman plots. Convergent validity was assessed through correlations with clinical tests. RESULTS: The behavioral responses were reliable for the Lean-and-Release test (ICC = 0.76), but foot contact was the only reliable temporal parameter using data from a single site (ICC = 0.79). All variables showed agreement according to the Bland-Altman plots. The behavioral responses correlated with scores of lower extremity strength (0.54, P<0.01) and balance confidence (0.55, P < 0.01). Swing time of reactive stepping correlated with step time (0.73, P < 0.01) and cadence (-0.73 P < 0.01) of over ground walking. CONCLUSIONS: The behavioral response of the Lean-and-Release test is a reliable and valid measure for people with iSCI/D. Our findings support the use of the behavioral responses to evaluate reactive stepping for research and clinical purposes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02960178.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate test-retest reliability, agreement, and convergent validity of the Lean-and-Release test for the assessment of reactive stepping among individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury or disease (iSCI/D). DESIGN: Multi-center cross-sectional multiple test design. SETTING: SCI/D rehabilitation hospital and biomechanics laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals with motor incomplete SCI/D (iSCI/D). INTERVENTIONS: None. OUTCOME MEASURES: Twenty-six participants attended two sessions to complete the Lean-and-Release test and a battery of clinical tests. Behavioral (i.e. one-step, multi-step, loss of balance) and temporal (i.e. timing of foot off, foot contact, swing of reactive step) parameters were measured. Test-retest reliability was determined with intraclass correlation coefficients, and agreement was evaluated with Bland-Altman plots. Convergent validity was assessed through correlations with clinical tests. RESULTS: The behavioral responses were reliable for the Lean-and-Release test (ICC = 0.76), but foot contact was the only reliable temporal parameter using data from a single site (ICC = 0.79). All variables showed agreement according to the Bland-Altman plots. The behavioral responses correlated with scores of lower extremity strength (0.54, P<0.01) and balance confidence (0.55, P < 0.01). Swing time of reactive stepping correlated with step time (0.73, P < 0.01) and cadence (-0.73 P < 0.01) of over ground walking. CONCLUSIONS: The behavioral response of the Lean-and-Release test is a reliable and valid measure for people with iSCI/D. Our findings support the use of the behavioral responses to evaluate reactive stepping for research and clinical purposes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02960178.
Entities:
Keywords:
Postural balance; Spinal cord injuries; Validation study
Authors: A I Pérez-Sanpablo; J Quinzaños-Fresnedo; R Loera-Cruz; I Quiñones-Uriostegui; G Rodriguez-Reyes; R Pérez-Zavala Journal: Spinal Cord Date: 2017-07 Impact factor: 2.772
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