Margie E Snyder1, Omolola A Adeoye-Olatunde2, Stephanie A Gernant3, Julie DiIulio4, Heather A Jaynes5, William R Doucette6, Alissa L Russ-Jara7. 1. Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: snyderme@purdue.edu. 2. Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: adeoyeo@purdue.edu. 3. University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Rd, U-3095, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA. Electronic address: Stephanie.gernant@uconn.edu. 4. Applied Decision Science, 1776 Mentor Ave. #424, Cincinnati, OH, 45212, USA. Electronic address: j.diiulio@applieddecisionscience.com. 5. Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: hrwoblew@iu.edu. 6. University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 339 CPB 180 S. Grand Avenue, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. Electronic address: William-doucette@uiowa.edu. 7. Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: aruss@purdue.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Community pharmacists provide comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) through pharmacy contracts with medication therapy management (MTM) vendors. These CMRs are documented in the vendors' web-based MTM software platforms, which often integrate alerts to assist pharmacists in the detection of medication therapy problems. Understanding pharmacists' experiences with MTM alerts is critical to optimizing alert design for patient care. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to 1) assess the usability and usefulness of MTM alerts for MTM vendor-contracted community pharmacists and 2) generate recommendations for improving MTM alerts for use by community pharmacists. METHODS: This was a convergent, parallel mixed-methods evaluation of data collected from 3 sources, with individual pharmacists contributing data to one or more sources: 1) community pharmacists' submissions of observational data about MTM alerts encountered during routine MTM provision, 2) videos of naturalistic usability testing of MTM alerts, and 3) semi-structured interviews to elicit pharmacists' perspectives on MTM alert usefulness and usability. MTM alert data submitted by pharmacists were summarized with descriptive statistics. Usability testing videos were analyzed to determine pharmacists' time spent on MTM alerts and to identify negative usability incidents. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a hybrid approach of deductive and inductive codes to identify emergent themes. Triangulation of data (i.e., determination of convergence/divergence in findings across all data sources) occurred through investigator discussion and identified overarching findings pertaining to key MTM alert challenges. These resulted in actionable recommendations to improve MTM alerts for use by community pharmacists. RESULTS: Collectively, two and four overarching key challenges pertaining to MTM alert usability and usefulness, respectively, were identified, resulting in 15 actionable recommendations for improving the design of MTM alerts from a user-centered perspective. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations are expected to inform enhanced MTM alert designs that can improve pharmacist efficiency, patient and prescriber satisfaction with MTM, and patient outcomes.
BACKGROUND: Community pharmacists provide comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) through pharmacy contracts with medication therapy management (MTM) vendors. These CMRs are documented in the vendors' web-based MTM software platforms, which often integrate alerts to assist pharmacists in the detection of medication therapy problems. Understanding pharmacists' experiences with MTM alerts is critical to optimizing alert design for patient care. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to 1) assess the usability and usefulness of MTM alerts for MTM vendor-contracted community pharmacists and 2) generate recommendations for improving MTM alerts for use by community pharmacists. METHODS: This was a convergent, parallel mixed-methods evaluation of data collected from 3 sources, with individual pharmacists contributing data to one or more sources: 1) community pharmacists' submissions of observational data about MTM alerts encountered during routine MTM provision, 2) videos of naturalistic usability testing of MTM alerts, and 3) semi-structured interviews to elicit pharmacists' perspectives on MTM alert usefulness and usability. MTM alert data submitted by pharmacists were summarized with descriptive statistics. Usability testing videos were analyzed to determine pharmacists' time spent on MTM alerts and to identify negative usability incidents. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a hybrid approach of deductive and inductive codes to identify emergent themes. Triangulation of data (i.e., determination of convergence/divergence in findings across all data sources) occurred through investigator discussion and identified overarching findings pertaining to key MTM alert challenges. These resulted in actionable recommendations to improve MTM alerts for use by community pharmacists. RESULTS: Collectively, two and four overarching key challenges pertaining to MTM alert usability and usefulness, respectively, were identified, resulting in 15 actionable recommendations for improving the design of MTM alerts from a user-centered perspective. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations are expected to inform enhanced MTM alert designs that can improve pharmacist efficiency, patient and prescriber satisfaction with MTM, and patient outcomes.
Authors: Paul A Harris; Robert Taylor; Robert Thielke; Jonathon Payne; Nathaniel Gonzalez; Jose G Conde Journal: J Biomed Inform Date: 2008-09-30 Impact factor: 6.317
Authors: Alissa L Russ; Alan J Zillich; M Sue McManus; Bradley N Doebbeling; Jason J Saleem Journal: Int J Med Inform Date: 2012-01-31 Impact factor: 4.046
Authors: Alissa L Russ; Michael Weiner; Scott A Russell; Darrell A Baker; W Jeffrey Fahner; Jason J Saleem Journal: Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf Date: 2012-12
Authors: Alessandro Iliceto; Sara Louise Berndt; Jaimi H Greenslade; William A Parsonage; Christopher Hammett; Martin Than; Tracey Hawkins; Kate Parker; Shannen O'Kane; Louise Cullen Journal: Crit Pathw Cardiol Date: 2016-09