Metabolomics analysis reveals potential mechanisms of phenolic accumulation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) induced by low nitrogen supply.

The roles of nitrogen availability in determining the phenolic accumulation of vegetables have been widely studied, but the underlying mechanism involved remains unknown. Thus, primary and secondary metabolites profiling of lettuce leaves were performed using non-targeted metabolomics analysis. The results showed that carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and phenolic biosynthesis metabolism in lettuce were significantly affected by low nitrogen supply (LN). The phenolic content was significantly increased in LN-treated lettuce, indicating that the activated phenolic biosynthesis was triggered by the LN treatment. The reduced citrate cycle and enhanced glucose and sucrose content suggested there is a relative excess of carbon resources in LN-treated lettuce. In addition, the decreased nitrogen-rich amino acids (glutamine and aspartate acid) and the maintained phenylalanine content indicated the redirection of nitrogen resources to phenylalanine biosynthesis. Meanwhile, no significant changes of chlorophyll content were observed in LN-treated lettuce leaves. The LN-treated lettuce showed lower glutamine synthetase activity but higher glutamate synthase activity compared to control. These findings together suggest that LN treatment may increase the phenolic accumulation in lettuce by effectively redirecting more carbon and nitrogen resources to the phenolic biosynthesis pathway.