Marcin R Lener1, Edyta Reszka2, Wojciech Marciniak3, Monika Lesicka2, Piotr Baszuk1, Ewa Jabłońska2, Katarzyna Białkowska1, Magdalena Muszyńska3, Sandra Pietrzak1, Róża Derkacz3, Tomasz Grodzki4, Janusz Wójcik4, Małgorzata Wojtyś4, Tadeusz Dębniak1, Cezary Cybulski5, Jacek Gronwald5, Bartosz Kubisa4, Jarosław Pieróg4, Piotr Waloszczyk6, Rodney J Scott7, Anna Jakubowska1, Steven A Narod8, Jan Lubiński9. 1. Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland. 2. Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul.św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348 Łódź, Poland. 3. Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra (Szczecińska), Poland. 4. Department of Thoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. A. Sokołowskiego 11, 70-891 Szczecin, Poland. 5. Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra (Szczecińska), Poland. 6. Independent Laboratory of Pathology, Zdunomed, ul. Energetyków 2, 70-656 Szczecin, Poland. 7. Medical Genetics, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research, Innovation and Translation, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Pathology North, John Hunter Hospital, Cnr King and Auckland Streets, Newcastle NSW 2300 Australia. 8. Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 9. Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra (Szczecińska), Poland. Electronic address: lubinski@pum.edu.pl.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We assessed whether blood cadmium levels were associated with incident lung cancer and could be used in the context of a screening program for early-stage lung cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We measured blood cadmium levels among 205 lung cancer patients and 205 matched controls. Cases and controls were matched for sex, age and smoking history (total pack-years, years since cessation for former smokers). RESULTS: The odds ratio for those in the highest quartile of cadmium level (versus lowest) was four-fold (OR = 4.41, 95 % CI:2.01-9.67, p < 0.01). The association was present in former smokers (OR = 16.8, 95 % CI:3.96-71.2, p < 0.01), but not in current smokers (OR = 1.23, 95 % CI: 0.34-4.38) or in never smokers (OR not defined). Among former smokers, the association was present in both early- and late-stage lung cancer. CONCLUSION: Blood cadmium levels may be a marker to help with the early detection of lung cancer among former smokers.
BACKGROUND: We assessed whether blood cadmium levels were associated with incident lung cancer and could be used in the context of a screening program for early-stage lung cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We measured blood cadmium levels among 205 lung cancerpatients and 205 matched controls. Cases and controls were matched for sex, age and smoking history (total pack-years, years since cessation for former smokers). RESULTS: The odds ratio for those in the highest quartile of cadmium level (versus lowest) was four-fold (OR = 4.41, 95 % CI:2.01-9.67, p < 0.01). The association was present in former smokers (OR = 16.8, 95 % CI:3.96-71.2, p < 0.01), but not in current smokers (OR = 1.23, 95 % CI: 0.34-4.38) or in never smokers (OR not defined). Among former smokers, the association was present in both early- and late-stage lung cancer. CONCLUSION: Blood cadmium levels may be a marker to help with the early detection of lung cancer among former smokers.