Needs of LMIC-based tobacco control advocates to counter tobacco industry policy interference: insights from semi-structured interviews.

INTRODUCTION: Advocacy is vital for advancing tobacco control and there has been considerable investment in this area. While much is known about tobacco industry interference (TII), there is little research on advocates' efforts in countering TII and what they need to succeed. We sought to examine this and focused on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where adoption and implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) tend to remain slower and weaker.
METHOD: We interviewed 22 advocates from eight LMICs with recent progress in a tobacco control policy. We explored participants' experiences in countering TII, including the activities they undertake, challenges they encounter and how their efforts could be enhanced. We used Qualitative Description to analyse transcripts and validated findings through participant feedback.
RESULTS: We identified four main areas of countering activities: (1) generating and compiling data and evidence, (2) accessing policymakers and restricting industry access, (3) working with media and (4) engaging in a national coalition. Each area was linked to challenges, including (1) lack of data, (2) no/weak implementation of FCTC Article 5.3, (3) industry ties with media professionals and (4) advocates' limited capacity. To address these challenges, participants suggested initiatives, including access to country-specific data, building advocates' skills in compiling and using such data in research and monitoring, and in coalition development; others aiming at training journalists to question and investigate TII; and finally, diverse interventions intended to advance a whole-of-government approach to tobacco control. Structural changes to tobacco control funding and coordination were suggested to facilitate the proposed measures.
CONCLUSION: This research highlights that following years of investment in tobacco control in LMICs, there is growing confidence in addressing TII. We identify straightforward initiatives that could strengthen such efforts. This research also underscores that more structural changes to enhance tobacco control capacity building should be considered. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

A key strength of this study is that it includes the voices from advocates in eight countries (in four WHO regions and from the three low- and middle-income groups).

While all countries included experienced recent advances in tobacco control, our sample was drawn from countries that had enacted varying policies and regulations, meaning we identified advocates’ common needs across different policy contexts.

A limitation of the study is that the views expressed are not necessarily generalisable to the broader population of tobacco control advocates.

Another limitation is that we only included participants who were fluent in English which limited the pool of potential participants.

Introduction

The importance of tobacco control advocacy is enshrined in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first global public health treaty. Its guiding principles state that ‘the participation of civil society is essential in achieving the objective of the Convention and its protocols’.1 In line with this, major public health organisations, including intergovernmental agencies, non-governmental organisations and funding agencies have been supporting tobacco control advocates worldwide. Given the evidence that tobacco industry interference (TII) is a major barrier to successful FCTC implementation,2 some of these initiatives focus on TII, including via published materials and training.3–5

Given that the adoption and implementation of the FCTC provisions tend to remain slower and weaker in lowmiddle-income countries (LMICs) than in high-income countries (HICs),6–8 finding ways to address TII effectively could lead to significant public health gains in LMICs.8 9

Impacts of initiatives such as the Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use in LMICs have been documented,10 and some tobacco control capacity-building initiatives evaluated.11 12 However, to our knowledge, there has been no work exploring whether there are gaps that would, if addressed, enable advocates to address TII better. Furthermore, while there is a substantial body of literature on TII, the majority is based on HICs.13–15 Few articles16–19 focus on countering interference and the role of advocates in this. There is a distinct lack of published research on what support advocates need to counter TII successfully.

To inform future efforts to address TII in LMICs more effectively, this study aims to enhance our understanding of LMIC-based advocates’ experiences of countering TII and their unmet needs. We ask:

In what activities do LMIC-based advocates engage when countering TII?

What challenges arise when LMIC-based advocates engage in countering TII?

How could advocates’ activities be enhanced, challenges overcome and unmet needs addressed?

Addressing these questions will provide a critical reflection on existing efforts to support tobacco control advocates in countering TII in LMICs and would enable future initiatives to be (better) tailored to advocates’ needs.

Methods

This study took a qualitative approach20 based on semi-structured interviews with LMIC-based tobacco control advocates which we analysed using Qualitative Description.21 22

Sampling and recruitment

We purposely selected eight countries which had recently advanced or attempted to advance important tobacco control policies. The selected countries had adopted or consulted on health warning regulations (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka), comprehensive tobacco control policies including health warnings (Ethiopia, Uganda, Zambia), or significantly increased tobacco tax (Colombia, Ukraine) (see table 1). We sought to capture experiences from a diverse set of LMICs and thus the eight countries represent four of the six WHO regions and the three income-economy groups within LMICs.

Table 1

Selected countries’ income group and recent policy

Country (region)	Income-economy type	Type of recent policy	Recent policy	Key provisions
Bangladesh (South-East Asian region)	Lower middle income	Health warning regulation	The Smoking and Tobacco Products Usage (Control) Rules (2015)	The regulation require ones of seven authorised picture/text warnings to occupy the upper 50% of the two principal display areas of the tobacco product package. If the package does not have two main sides, the warning must cover the upper 50% of the main display area. The text component of the warnings must be in Bangla and must be in white letters against a black background. Rotation of the warnings shall occur every three months.
Colombia (Region of the Americas)	Upper middle income	Tax increase	Broad fiscal reform package approved by Colombia’s Congress in 2016	The reform package included new taxes on tobacco products that would almost triple prices in 2017–2018, annual adjustments for inflation and a mandated specific increase in subsequent years. This was estimated to generate around US$350 million in extra revenue through 2022.
Ethiopia (African region)	Low income	Comprehensive regulation	Food and Medicine Administration Proclamation No. 1112/2019	The Proclamation covers smoke-free environments, tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, tobacco packaging and labelling, tobacco product regulation, protection against tobacco industry interference, and tobacco-related licensing and sales, among other policy areas.
India (South-East Asian region)	Lower middle income	Health warning regulation	G.S.R. 727(E) (2015) G.S.R. 739(E) (2016) G.S.R. 331(E) (2016)	The 2015 regulation increase in warning size from 40% of one side of tobacco product packaging to 85% of both sides of tobacco packaging and amended the rotation scheme (start: 1 April 2015).The 2016 regulations set a new implementation date for health warnings (1 April 2016) and subsequent rounds (start: 1 September 2018).
Sri Lanka (South-East Asian region)	Upper middle income	Health warning regulation	The National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol (Amendment) Act (2015)	The regulation states that health warnings in the form of pictures and text must be on every packet, package or carton containing cigarettes or other tobacco products. The warnings must be placed on the top surface area of both the front and back sides and must cover 80% of the top surface area of the front and back and must differ on each side. Manufacturers also must ensure that the warnings are changed every 6 months.
Uganda (African region)	Low income	Comprehensive regulation	Tobacco Control Act 2015, Implementing regulations from 2019	The Act and implementing regulations cover smoking in public places; tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship; tobacco product sales; tobacco packaging and labelling; and protection against tobacco industry interference, among other policy areas.
Ukraine (European region)	Lower middle income	Tax increase	2017 budget approved by Parliament, submitted by the Ministry of Finance	The 2017 budget included a 40% specific excise tax increase on tobacco products over the 2016 level. The average excise tax burden would increase from 41% in 2016 to 46% in 2017. The total tax burden would rise from 63% in 2016 to 67% in 2017.
Zambia (African region)	Lower middle income	Comprehensive regulation	Zambia Tobacco and Nicotine Products Control Bill	The draft bill was considered by Line Ministries at the time of data collection.

Sources: WHO Region,59 income-economy group,60 information on health warning and comprehensive policies,61 information on tax increases.62

Within these countries, we selected interviewees with sufficient experience of TII and attempts to address it. They were required to have at least three years of experience in national-level tobacco control advocacy, meaning that they have been working to advance tobacco control policy in their country.23 They also had to speak English. While this created limitations, it enabled us to avoid additional challenges associated with working with multiple interpreters.24 To ensure we recorded varying perspectives from each context, we sought to include two to four interviewees from more than one civil society organisation (CSO) in each country. CSOs are a broader category than non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and include, for example, charities, NGOs and professional bodies25 and is therefore more appropriate for capturing the range of organisations involved in tobacco control. We identified the first participants using our networks of tobacco control advocates and researchers, and subsequently used a snowballing approach. We invited potential participants via email with an information sheet.

Data collection

Informed by the existing peer-reviewed literature on TII, and particularly that on countering TII and advocates’ role,16–19 we developed the interview guide. It explored participants’ experiences of countering TII and their views on what could facilitate CSOs’ efforts in this regard in their country. It also probed examples of TII in the participant’s country; those data form part of a separate study. The interview guide was revised through a series of author meetings and piloted with a tobacco control advocate and researcher who was, like most research participants, not a native speaker of English. All interviews were conducted in English, recorded with participants’ permission, and subsequently transcribed.

Data analysis

We used Qualitative Description to analyse transcripts,21 22 facilitated by the use of NVivo V.12. With this approach, we aimed to summarise the content of the data in a way that allowed describing interviewees’ perceptions and experiences, which lie at the study’s heart. Key categories of analysis were derived from the research questions, reflected in the interview guide. Further subcategories were identified inductively. BKM conducted the coding and met regularly with LR and ABG to discuss coding and key findings. To validate findings,26 a summary was shared with 18 participants who had previously agreed to provide feedback, and eight (44%) responded. They agreed with our findings and suggested some refinement which we took on board.

Patient and public involvement

No patient involved.

Results

Sample

Between June and October 2019, we conducted 20 interviews with 22 participants from eight countries; two interviews had two participants. Five interviews took place in person and 15 remotely, using Microsoft Teams. The average length per interview was 90 min. While all interviewees met the inclusion criteria, some held research or public sector positions in addition to being involved in tobacco control CSOs. Yet, all saw themselves primarily as advocates. The distribution of interviewees per country and type of policy change are indicated in table 2.

Table 2

Distribution and IDs of interviewees

Recent tobacco control measures	Countries (no of interviewees; interview medium)	Interviewee IDs
Comprehensive bills/ laws	Ethiopia (3; online), Uganda (3, online), Zambia (4; in person)	P1–P22
Health warning regulations	Bangladesh (2; online), India (3; 1 online, 2 in person), Sri Lanka (2; online)
Tax increase	Colombia (3; online), Ukraine (2; online)

Except for one country, at least two CSOs were included per country and the 22 participants came from 18 different organisations. The CSOs were diverse: some focused exclusively on tobacco control and others also engaged in other public health issues. Almost all received funding predominately from international tobacco control organisations.

Countering activities: key areas and challenges encountered

Countering TII was typically described as an integral part of a wider tobacco control advocacy strategy to advance specific pieces of regulation and thus generally planned. However, ad hoc responses were sometimes required to respond to specific developments. Activities to counter TII were usually influenced by the stage of the policy process, the specifics of policymaking within the given country, the type of tobacco control measure, and participants’ expertise and capacity.

Nonetheless, participants consistently described seeking to predict, pre-empt and counter TII and identified four key areas of activity they regularly engaged in to achieve this. In each of these areas, they reported crucial and partly overlapping challenges.

Generating and compiling data and evidence

Data and evidence were perceived as vital to pre-empt or counter industry arguments; “as long as you press them [tobacco industry] using evidence,(…) they are defeated” (P12). Data were seen as useful for informing decision-makers directly and exposing tobacco industry misinformation in the media. A participant shared how a small-scale study on illicit trade conducted by his organisation, helped rebut industry claims during policy consultations:

It was like a game-changer during the public hearing meeting when we said it’s not true. Our illicit trade is not [more significant figure] [as the tobacco industry claimed] it is only [less significant figure]. Then it changed the mentality of the parliamentarians. (P2)

Interviewees reported lacking up-to-date and reliable context-relevant data, especially on illicit trade, tobacco farming and cultivation, tobacco taxation, employment in the tobacco industry and on the environmental impact of tobacco. They emphasised the need for robust financial and economic data from sources independent of the tobacco industry. They found it difficult to obtain concrete evidence on TII, given that such activities were often hidden.

Beyond country-specific data, evidence detailing, for example, industry strategies and activities in similar countries, especially from the same region, was perceived as important. Other more generic information and resources such as factsheets, provided by the WHO or tobacco control organisations, were seen as useful. Still, they would often need to be translated to the local context, which required time and skill from advocates.

Interviewees also recognised limitations of evidence and data in countering TII: First, emotional narratives were said to matter as much as evidence since “having human stories is also very, very effective for policymakers and for […] the public” (P15). Using such narratives would also mirror industry behaviour: “for the industry it’s not about being precise, accurate, it’s about bringing the emotion, making people believe the industry and not the advocates” (P18). Second, data and evidence need to reach the key people who need to act on them:

so much has been written about TII… among the tobacco control community, the knowledge is there. This knowledge is, however, absent in the people there to make decisions. (P22)

Accessing policymakers and restricting tobacco industry access

For countering TII, advocates saw establishing and sustaining direct access to policymakers as crucial. It enabled them to inform policymakers of tobacco industry conduct and misinformation, thereby, empowering them to make informed decisions.

However, participants agreed that access to policymakers, particularly those in Ministries of Finance, Trade and Agriculture and their respective parliamentary committees, was challenging. Informal links between the tobacco industry and policymakers from outside the health sector, who often believe the industry brings financial benefits, were a key hindrance. A participant recalled an informant telling them:

…the industry is in bed with [Ministry of] Finance, and with the committee in Parliament […] they [policymakers] have completely blacklisted tobacco control; they don’t come to any meetings, they don’t want to be told anything, nothing. Because […] the industry gives them lots of money. What is tobacco control going to offer? Nothing. That’s where the challenge is. (P12)

In some countries, policymakers were reported to have direct conflicts of interest, including via the revolving door phenomenon or having a direct personal or family stake in a tobacco company. In a few countries, such a conflict of interest existed alongside a formal government commitment to tobacco control, for example, “the Prime Minister would like to make [country name] tobacco-free 2040 and at the same time, [the] government is the owner of the tobacco company in [country name]” (P8).

Interviewees also reported issues which enabled industry access to policymakers while constraining the tobacco control community’s access. These included state agendas to promote tobacco as a cash crop, the establishment of a public body with this mandate and investor agreements between a tobacco company and a public entity.

While a formal implementation of FCTC Article 5.3 would help address this, policymakers outside the health sector were often said to be unaware of FCTC Article 5.3. Policies to domesticate this provision lacked in all eight countries. In some, the health ministry was not seen as sufficiently authoritative to introduce such a policy: “health ministry guys are feeling that ‘we are not such an authority to prepare a policy on Article 5.3 for the whole government’…” (P17). Limited state capacity was identified as a barrier to any future FCTC Article 5.3 policy implementation and enforcement.

Working with media

Working with the media was seen as key to obtaining and disseminating data and evidence, exposing and countering tobacco industry conduct, convincing policymakers and the public, and building public pressure on policymakers:

They [tobacco industry] wrote something in the newspaper, we go against, whenever we see any report, we respond to that with media, with publications and also, we use media to aware our community about their tactics, their influence and so on. (P20)

Key activities included building relationships with media executives, editors and journalists, organising press conferences and disseminating public statements. Where advocates were unable to carry out in-depth investigative work, they sought close collaboration with journalists who could “get [missing] information” (P22);

We regularly get some intelligence from them [journalists] on what has been happening regarding tobacco, in that particular ministry. That is one source of information. The main source, I would have to say. (P17)

One participant reported that the “[media] did play a very strong role in ensuring that the correct evidence was presented to the public […] that way media had a strong contribution to getting the [policy]” (P15). In another case, the relationship with influential editors and reporters was crucial:

We knew all the content of the industry’s opinion pieces before they came out on the newspaper. We had to inform the Chair of the [parliamentary] Committee and the Minister of Health that this thing is coming from the industry through the [third party]. We had a reporter investigating for us, who provided the content before the publication […] that was really successful. (P1)

Some in-country CSOs also offered training on tobacco control and industry monitoring for journalists, which was perceived as strengthening the national tobacco control network.

However, working with the media was perceived as challenging as the tobacco industry sought to do the same. The industry built its relationships with the media, using incentives, including training for journalists. In all countries, interviewees saw their CSOs as unable to compete with the financial benefits the industry offered to media professionals. While participants from most countries reported that the tobacco industry concentrated on topic-specific media outlets popular among certain stakeholders, in other countries, it targeted widely read generic media outlets. A second challenge related to the above-mentioned lack of evidence: it was difficult to interest media professionals in exposing TII based on suspicions rather than clear evidence since this would require an investment of the journalist’s time with an unknown return.

Engaging in a national tobacco control coalition

Tobacco control CSOs often attempted to form national coalitions to join forces and use each other’s strengths to maximise advocates’ impact. Yet, only in one country, where an alliance had existed for several years, was the national coalition perceived as robust. Elsewhere, coalitions were experienced as fragile, negatively impacting on the strength and scale of activities to counter TII and advance tobacco control.

The capacity of coalition members, in terms of numbers, time and skills, was seen as a key obstacle to a strong coalition—all perceived as determined mainly by financial resources. Almost all CSOs depended on short-term project-based grants which had limitations:

We cannot afford to have staff permanently. It is just a project that gets approved, then we pool all the resources that we have, to make sure that the project is executed. But it is expensive to operate as an organisation in a country like ours. We need to pay taxes […] we have bureaucratic expenditures, that never stops. (P21)

Interviewees indicated that funding hindered coalition formation and functionality in two ways. First, scarce opportunities to secure funds led to competition rather than collaboration between CSOs, inhibiting coalition development and longevity. This was also identified as leading to a lack of coordination among CSOs, resulting in duplication of efforts. Second, CSOs were often constrained by their funders’ agenda, which often emphasised policy advocacy and implementation rather than addressing TII:

[funders' name] now concentrates… less on tobacco industry accountability, probably because of their area of focus or their internal issues. For that reason, we had to compromise our staff assigned on industry accountability work. (P17)

In some countries, CSOs reported a lack of flexibility from funders, which could mean that locally identified needs—such as countering TII—could not be addressed as part of the contract:

I have seen organisations which come with ready agreements, and they are not happy to change it, you just sign it or not sign it, right? That’s not a true partnership. (P16)

How to enhance activities, overcome challenges and address unmet needs

Advocates identified two main ways through which the data and evidence gaps could be addressed. First, by supporting the development of advocates’ skills to generate new data and evidence, contextualise generic data and evidence, and undertake tobacco industry monitoring and investigative research. Webinars or e-learning modules were seen as having a wider reach than on-site training. Yet, the latter could be more impactful since they could be tailored specifically to the context. For virtual or on-site initiatives, advocates highlighted the need for continuous support; “you cannot say I am giving a training once and people will be able to implement all those articles, forget about it.” (P12). Reflecting on their experience with courses to date, these were perceived “like a foundation, [but] you need continuous input to strengthen” (P6). Second, most advocates appreciated and used the information on TII available on websites such as Tobacco Tactics but wanted them to include more LMIC-specific data and success stories. Furthermore, an e-learning module could accompany existing resources such as this, guiding advocates on how to use the material.

To gain better access to policymakers, advocates reported they needed to become better at speaking the ‘language’ of non-health politicians and public officials. This could entail framing tobacco control as a development issue rather than just as a matter of public health. To restrict tobacco industry access to policymakers, participants proposed webinars and other forms of training to increase advocates’ understanding of FCTC Article 5.3, as well as that of others such as non-health stakeholders and policymakers. These could be developed in close collaboration with local advocates to ensure they are context-specific and target the appropriate audiences. Lastly, interviewees suggested that the informal ties between policymakers and the tobacco industry, and the conflicts of interest those pose, could be addressed by better exposing these links which, again, could be achieved through investigative skills training for advocates and also journalists.

Advocates stressed the need to raise awareness of and interest in TII among media professionals including editors and journalists and—as noted above—to strengthen their investigative skills through training so they could better expose industry behaviour. The latter could either take the form of webinars targeting journalists directly or written material which LMIC-based advocates can adapt. Advocates also suggested that sharing success stories of advocates working with journalists could inform their approach.

Engaging in a national coalition

Difficulties around developing robust and sustained tobacco control coalitions were arguably more difficult to address in the short-term, as they reflected broader challenges relating to funding and state capacity and government priorities. Nonetheless, one suggestion was to support advocates in developing coalitions that extend beyond tobacco control, engaging development-oriented CSOs to help frame tobacco control as a development priority. While participants were confident that they could identify, approach and work with crucial coalition supporters, including policy brokers, they suggested management training on coordinating and working more effectively in a coalition.

Overarching needs

In addition to these focused and pragmatic measures, interviewees consistently pointed to two overarching needs and linked solutions which could facilitate their work in all four areas of activity and improve its impact.

The first was an expressed need for structural change in the way support for LMIC-based tobacco control was funded and coordinated. A move from short-term to longer-term funding to allow more sustainable capacity building, meaning that, for example, capacity built through training would not be lost when funding came to an end. Furthermore, a collaborative rather than competitive approach to funding would encourage coordination among those CSOs working in tobacco control and beyond. Through this, competition and duplication of efforts which lead to inefficiencies could be prevented. Some participants also suggested the possibility of having some additional flexibility in their contracts to more readily counter TII. Lastly, some advocates wanted to be identified more as partners rather than recipients and showed great interest in contributing their knowledge and experience to future capacity-building efforts. This could add to South–South knowledge exchange: “The beauty is that if we stop thinking that I’m here to only benefit the other person. Then you start seeing that there is a lot of scope for mutual learning, right?” (P16).

The second overarching need related to sharing knowledge and learning from each other’s experiences; “We don’t need to reinvent the wheel because we need to learn from how others handled this situation.” (P11). One possible way of meeting this need was establishing or strengthening a network linking LMIC-based advocates, where they could exchange information on instances of TII and how to address it and share success stories. Meeting this need would not require as large-scale changes as the other overarching need.

Table 3 summarises the key findings from the result section.

Table 3

Key activities to counter TII and ways of enhancing those activities and addressing advocates’ needs

Key activities to counter TII(their purpose)	How to enhance the activities and address unmet needs	Overarching needs and how to address them
Generating and compiling data and evidence(to pre-empt or counter tobacco industry arguments)	Develop research skills to generate new data/evidence and contextualise generic data/evidence; to undertake tobacco industry monitoring and investigative research (on-site training, webinars, ongoing support)Make more LMIC-specific data and success stories available (expanding websites like Tobacco Tactics, include infographics and offer e-learning materials on how to use the resource)	Longer-term funding enabling collaboration rather than competition between organisations (funding and capacity-building)ANDStrengthen networking and facilitate learning among LMIC-based advocates (app, website)
Accessing policymakers and restrict tobacco industry access(to make policymakers aware of tobacco industry conduct and enable them to make informed decisions on policy and foster non-engagement with the tobacco industry)	Improve advocates' skills in accessing and working with non-health policy makers and officials, promoting a whole-of-government approach and improving FCTC Article 5.3 adoption, implementation and enforcement (webinars, training material they can use)More training initiatives targeting non-health public officials and agencies (webinars, on-site trainings)
Working with media (to help obtain and disseminate information on TII; to help counter tobacco industry arguments to convince policymakers/public; build public pressure)	Awareness raising and investigative training for journalists (webinars and material for advocates offering traing or webinars; e-learning directly targeting journalists)
	Training on how to build and manage coalitions beyond tobacco control (webinars, e-learning)Sharing success stories related to coalition building and management (website, e-learning)
Engaging in a national coalition(to join forces using each organisation’s strengths to be more successful in other activities)	More training initiatives on how to work more effectively (webinars, e-learning).

FCTC, Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; LMIC, low- and middle-income country/ies; TII, tobacco industry interference.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first published paper to explore, across a broad group of LMICs, how advocates try to counter TII, and, more specifically the challenges they encounter and how these might be addressed. There was remarkable consistency both within and across countries in the activities advocates engaged in to counter TII, the challenges they faced, their identified needs and, perhaps most importantly, the suggested solutions. As such, this work can be used to directly inform further efforts to address TII.

Our findings indicate that following significant investment in tobacco control advocacy, advocates are working effectively to address TII with their identified activities. The activities are aligned with those outlined in the literature on countering TII in LMICs,16–19 27–30 HICs31 32 and supranational settings,33 and directly addressing some of the main TII tactics, most notably, producing and disseminating information, seeking direct access to policymakers and using front groups and third parties.9 13–15 34

Nevertheless, advocates identified significant challenges which centre around the greater power of the tobacco industry. Far more significant information and financial resources are available to the tobacco industry than to CSOs and it has greater ability to access key stakeholders, particularly in powerful non-health ministries. Politicians’ links to tobacco companies also enable such access,15 and national policies in conflict with public health, for example, listing tobacco as a principal cash crop.35 These challenges reflect the concerning implications of corporate power that are not limited to tobacco control,36 the taming of which is described as ‘the key political issue of our time’.37

The findings suggest some relatively straightforward measures could be taken to advance LMIC-based advocates’ capacity to counter TII, and that some structural changes could also be considered.

First, our study highlights that enhancing advocates’ skills is a high priority, both research skills as well as skills in monitoring and investigation. Upskilling of advocates in these areas is already being undertaken and funded by international donors.38–40 However, in line with previous research,41 our findings show the importance of tailoring training initiatives to the particular LMIC’s context and moving beyond one-off training to sustain their impact. An initiative that helps to address some of the identified needs is the ‘Think Tanks’ project delivered by the University of Illinois at Chicago. The project aims to build research capacity into economic and fiscal policies for tobacco control.42 It has the potential to nurture local expertise and provide important data that could help counter tobacco industry misinformation.

Second, FCTC Article 5.3 training for non-health stakeholders holds the potential to redress the inequitable access that the tobacco industry has to policymakers compared with CSOs.43 As reflected in our research, CSOs sometimes engage in training policy stakeholders and journalists, which is particularly beneficial since they know the context and audience. Thus, advocates would likely benefit from more initiatives that develop skills in designing and delivering such training. In line with previous research,44–46 our work also points to potential benefits of framing tobacco control as a development priority and adds that this could be integrated into advocacy to facilitate access to non-health sector stakeholders.

Third, a stronger tobacco control network of LMIC-based advocates was perceived as important. While global tobacco control networks exist, our findings suggest having a dedicated network focused on countering TII could be worthwhile.

Addressing the identified issues around funding requires more structural solutions that would not only address advocates’ countering efforts but could strengthen tobacco control advocacy in LMICs more generally. In line with the literature on LMIC-based CSOs47–49 public health50–52 and tobacco control,53 54 the CSOs represented in this study were typically dependent on international (rather than national) and short-term (rather than long-term) funding, the latter in particular made building lasting capacity and effective coalitions difficult. This concern resonates with the literature on LMIC-based CSOs, suggesting that long-term partnerships between international organisations and local partners build greater capacity among advocates to successfully continue their work after the project ended.47 55 The feasibility of solutions suggested by advocates needs to be carefully unpacked, also considering the implications of having private foundations rather than national governments as key sponsors.48 49

As the first study with the explicit aim of exploring advocates’ needs in LMICs, its key strength is that it includes the voices from advocates in eight countries (in four WHO regions and from three income-groups). While all countries had recently advanced or attempted to advance experienced recent advances in tobacco control policies, the policies were diverse—from comprehensive to specific policies spanning different aspects of tobacco control.

A limitation is that, as with most qualitative research,56 the views expressed are not necessarily generalisable to the wider population of tobacco control advocates. Our participants tended to be experienced and had received training provided by the international tobacco control community, and their views may not necessarily reflect those of advocates without similar opportunities. Yet, many interviewees offered insights into the needs of colleagues rather than solely speaking about their own experience.

An additional limitation is that we only included participants who spoke English. This limited the pool of potential participants, especially given that English is not the official language in most included countries. A related limitation is that most participants were not native speakers of English which we mitigated by refining the interview schedule following a pilot interview with a non-native speaker of English. If we had not included the English-language requirement, we would have needed support from several interpreters. This would have created additional challenges.24

Future research is needed to deepen our understanding of tobacco control advocacy in LMICs and their efforts in countering TII. For example, by studying cases of tobacco control coalitions, one could better understand advocates’ efforts in building and sustaining coalitions and compare different approaches. This study also raises important questions about structural changes in the international tobacco control community; the implications and feasibility of possible solutions require further exploration.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first paper to research LMIC-based advocates’ needs in countering TII. Our findings highlight growing confidence in addressing TII among advocates and we identified some tangible and straightforward initiatives that could address unmet needs and enhance advocates’ efforts in countering TII. This paper also highlights that more structural changes in how tobacco control is funded and coordinated could strengthen tobacco control in LMICs. Our study is important as LMIC-based advocates may not feel able to advocate for such changes, given the continual pressure to obtain scarce funding from international donors.54 57 58