B M Williams1, L N Purcell1, C Varela2, J Gallaher1, A Charles3,4,5. 1. Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. 2. Department of Surgery, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi. 3. Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. anthchar@med.unc.edu. 4. Department of Surgery, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi. anthchar@med.unc.edu. 5. UNC School of Medicine, 4008 Burnett Womack Building, CB 7228, Chapel Hill, USA. anthchar@med.unc.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Inguinal hernias are one of the most common surgical conditions worldwide. Due to limited surgical access in low- and middle-income countries, many hernias present emergently; however, data on the resultant outcome disparities is limited. We, therefore, sought to describe the epidemiology, clinical features, and outcomes of incarcerated inguinal hernias at a tertiary center in Malawi. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of the acute care surgery registry at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. All patients > 13 years admitted with a non-reducible inguinal hernia from 2013 to 2019 were included. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. A Poisson multivariable regression determined factors associated with increased risk of mortality. RESULTS: A total of 297 patients presented with non-reducible inguinal hernias, the majority of which were young (median age 38), male (93.6%), farmers (47.8%). Of the 81% who underwent surgery, 55% were delayed ≥ 24 h. 19.5% of hernias were strangulated. Overall mortality was 5.4%. Increased age (RR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12), shock index ≥ 1 (RR 4.82, 95% CI 1.45-16.09), and delay ≥ 24 h from presentation to operative intervention (RR 11.24, 95% CI 1.55-81.34) resulted in an increase in relative risk of mortality. CONCLUSION: Non-reducible inguinal hernias largely affect young male farmers in Malawi. Delays to care can limit economic productivity for this rural population, as well as, yield considerable risk of mortality. While specific patient and institutional factors must be further elucidated, increased awareness, public health prioritization, and surgical capacity building is needed to reduce further hernia-related morbidity and mortality.
PURPOSE: Inguinal hernias are one of the most common surgical conditions worldwide. Due to limited surgical access in low- and middle-income countries, many hernias present emergently; however, data on the resultant outcome disparities is limited. We, therefore, sought to describe the epidemiology, clinical features, and outcomes of incarcerated inguinal hernias at a tertiary center in Malawi. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of the acute care surgery registry at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. All patients > 13 years admitted with a non-reducible inguinal hernia from 2013 to 2019 were included. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. A Poisson multivariable regression determined factors associated with increased risk of mortality. RESULTS: A total of 297 patients presented with non-reducible inguinal hernias, the majority of which were young (median age 38), male (93.6%), farmers (47.8%). Of the 81% who underwent surgery, 55% were delayed ≥ 24 h. 19.5% of hernias were strangulated. Overall mortality was 5.4%. Increased age (RR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12), shock index ≥ 1 (RR 4.82, 95% CI 1.45-16.09), and delay ≥ 24 h from presentation to operative intervention (RR 11.24, 95% CI 1.55-81.34) resulted in an increase in relative risk of mortality. CONCLUSION: Non-reducible inguinal hernias largely affect young male farmers in Malawi. Delays to care can limit economic productivity for this rural population, as well as, yield considerable risk of mortality. While specific patient and institutional factors must be further elucidated, increased awareness, public health prioritization, and surgical capacity building is needed to reduce further hernia-related morbidity and mortality.
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