Alicia Nuñez PhD1, Joshua Unbin Rhee2, Patricia Haynes3, Subhajit Chakravorty4, Freda Patterson5, William D S Killgore6, Rebecca A Gallagher7, Lauren Hale8, Charles Branas9, Nancy Carrazco10, Pamela Alfonso-Miller10, Jo-Ann Gehrels10, Michael A Grandner11. 1. Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV. 2. Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA. 3. Department of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 5. Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE. 6. SCAN Lab, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 7. Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 8. Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, NY. 9. Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University. 10. Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 11. Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. Electronic address: grandner@email.arizona.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Insomnia is a clinically verified nicotine withdrawal symptom. As nicotine is a stimulant, it is plausible that smoking at night could disturb sleep more than smoking at earlier times of the day, but this remains empirically unclear. This study examined smoking status and its associations with insomnia severity and sleep duration while considering the potential role of smoking time. METHODS: Data were derived from the Sleep and Healthy Activity Diet Environment and Socialization study, a community-based study of 1007 adults (nnonsmokers = 818; nsmokers = 189) aged 22-60 from the Philadelphia area. Smoking status and time of smoking were self-reported. Insomnia was assessed with the Insomnia Severity Index and categorized as none, mild, and moderate-to-severe. Sleep duration was assessed with one item from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and categorized as very short, short, normal, and long. Ordinal and multinomial logistic regressions were used to determine the association of smoking status including smoking time with insomnia severity and sleep duration controlling for sociodemographic covariates. RESULTS: Compared to nonsmoking, smoking was associated with experiencing increased insomnia (odds ratio = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9, 3.4, P < .001) as well as very short (relative risk ratio = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1, 3.3) and short (relative risk ratio = 1.5, 95% CI 1.0, 2.3) sleep (vs normal sleep duration). Night-time smoking was significantly associated with greater insomnia and shorter sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide evidence that smoking is associated with increased insomnia severity and shorter sleep duration, particularly nightly smoking. Sleep health should be considered in smoking cessation efforts.
OBJECTIVE: Insomnia is a clinically verified nicotine withdrawal symptom. As nicotine is a stimulant, it is plausible that smoking at night could disturb sleep more than smoking at earlier times of the day, but this remains empirically unclear. This study examined smoking status and its associations with insomnia severity and sleep duration while considering the potential role of smoking time. METHODS: Data were derived from the Sleep and Healthy Activity Diet Environment and Socialization study, a community-based study of 1007 adults (nnonsmokers = 818; nsmokers = 189) aged 22-60 from the Philadelphia area. Smoking status and time of smoking were self-reported. Insomnia was assessed with the Insomnia Severity Index and categorized as none, mild, and moderate-to-severe. Sleep duration was assessed with one item from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and categorized as very short, short, normal, and long. Ordinal and multinomial logistic regressions were used to determine the association of smoking status including smoking time with insomnia severity and sleep duration controlling for sociodemographic covariates. RESULTS: Compared to nonsmoking, smoking was associated with experiencing increased insomnia (odds ratio = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9, 3.4, P < .001) as well as very short (relative risk ratio = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1, 3.3) and short (relative risk ratio = 1.5, 95% CI 1.0, 2.3) sleep (vs normal sleep duration). Night-time smoking was significantly associated with greater insomnia and shorter sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide evidence that smoking is associated with increased insomnia severity and shorter sleep duration, particularly nightly smoking. Sleep health should be considered in smoking cessation efforts.
Authors: Magda Piekarska; Martyna Pszczółka; Damian Parol; Paweł Szewczyk; Daniel Śliż; Artur Mamcarz Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-11-23 Impact factor: 3.390