Characterization and overexpression of sterol Δ22-desaturase, a key enzyme modulates the biosyntheses of stigmasterol and withanolides in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.

Withanolides constitute an extensive and vital class of metabolites displaying wide array of structural and therapeutic properties with unique side-chain modifications. These show diversified scaffolds and are promising pharmaceutical molecules with well documented anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Sterols are dynamic class of compounds and essential molecules having structural and functional significance. These contribute to the synthesis of withanolides by providing structural precursors. In this context, we have characterized sterol Δ22-desaturase from Withania somnifera and also functionally validating it by confirming its desaturase nature in conjunction with quantitative real-time expression profiling and metabolite evaluation. Further, transgenic hairy roots of W. somnifera displayed a higher accumulation of stigmasterol and withanolides. The increase in chemical constituents was concomitant with an increased gene copy number predicted via Southern blotting. Additionally, transgenic lines of tobacco over-expressing WsCYP710A11 displayed a substantial increase in its expression, corroborating well with enhanced stigmasterol content. Characterization of CYP710A11 from W. somnifera and its homologous transgenic expression has demonstrated its role in the regulation of withanolides biosynthesis. It also exhibited a differential transcriptional profile in response to exogenous elicitations. These empirical findings suggest the crucial role of CYP710A11 in stigmasterol biosynthesis. This in turn has implications for the overproduction of withanolides via pathway channelling.