Karina Berner1, John Cockcroft2, Linzette D Morris3, Quinette Louw4. 1. Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa. Electronic address: kberner@sun.ac.za. 2. Stellenbosch University, Central Analytical Facilities, Neuromechanics Unit, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa. Electronic address: johnc@sun.ac.za. 3. Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. Electronic address: lmorris@qu.edu.qa. 4. Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa. Electronic address: qalouw@sun.ac.za.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) enable gait analysis in the clinic, but require calibrations that may affect subsequent gait measurements. This study assessed concurrent validity and within-session reliability of gait kinematics measured by a frequently calibrated IMU-based system. Calibration pose accuracy and intra-rater repeatability, and IMU orientation tracking accuracy, were additionally quantified. METHODS: Calibration poses and gait were recorded in 15 women using IMUs and optical motion capture (OMC) (reference standard) simultaneously. Participants performed six consecutive trials: each comprising a calibration pose and a walk. IMU tracking was assessed separately (once-off) using technical static and dynamic tests. Differences of > 5° constituted clinical significance. RESULTS: Concurrent validity for gait revealed clinically significant between-system differences for sagittal angles (root-mean-square error [RMSE] 6.7°-15.0°; bias -9.3°-3.0°) and hip rotation (RMSE 7.9°; bias -4.2°). After removing modelling offsets, differences for all angles (except hip rotation) were < 5°. Gait curves correlated highly between systems (r > 0.8), except hip rotation, pelvic tilt and -obliquity. Within-session reliability of IMU-measured gait angles was clinically acceptable (standard error of measurement [SEM] < 5°). Calibration poses were repeatable (SEM 0.3°-2.2°). Pose accuracy revealed mean absolute differences (MAD) < 5° for all angles except sagittal ankle, hip and pelvis. IMU tracking accuracy demonstrated RMSE ≤ 2.0°. CONCLUSION: A frequently calibrated IMU system provides reliable gait measurements; comparing highly to OMC after removing modelling differences. Calibration poses can be implemented accurately for most angles and consistently. IMU-measured gait data are clinically useful and comparable within participants, but should not be compared to OMC-measured data.
INTRODUCTION: Wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) enable gait analysis in the clinic, but require calibrations that may affect subsequent gait measurements. This study assessed concurrent validity and within-session reliability of gait kinematics measured by a frequently calibrated IMU-based system. Calibration pose accuracy and intra-rater repeatability, and IMU orientation tracking accuracy, were additionally quantified. METHODS: Calibration poses and gait were recorded in 15 women using IMUs and optical motion capture (OMC) (reference standard) simultaneously. Participants performed six consecutive trials: each comprising a calibration pose and a walk. IMU tracking was assessed separately (once-off) using technical static and dynamic tests. Differences of > 5° constituted clinical significance. RESULTS: Concurrent validity for gait revealed clinically significant between-system differences for sagittal angles (root-mean-square error [RMSE] 6.7°-15.0°; bias -9.3°-3.0°) and hip rotation (RMSE 7.9°; bias -4.2°). After removing modelling offsets, differences for all angles (except hip rotation) were < 5°. Gait curves correlated highly between systems (r > 0.8), except hip rotation, pelvic tilt and -obliquity. Within-session reliability of IMU-measured gait angles was clinically acceptable (standard error of measurement [SEM] < 5°). Calibration poses were repeatable (SEM 0.3°-2.2°). Pose accuracy revealed mean absolute differences (MAD) < 5° for all angles except sagittal ankle, hip and pelvis. IMU tracking accuracy demonstrated RMSE ≤ 2.0°. CONCLUSION: A frequently calibrated IMU system provides reliable gait measurements; comparing highly to OMC after removing modelling differences. Calibration poses can be implemented accurately for most angles and consistently. IMU-measured gait data are clinically useful and comparable within participants, but should not be compared to OMC-measured data.