Ghada Hamed Aly1, Mohammed Marey2, Safaa Amin El-Sayed2, Mohamed Fahmy Tolba2. 1. Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: ghadahamed@cis.asu.edu.eg. 2. Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: With the recent development in deep learning since 2012, the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in bioinformatics, especially medical imaging, achieved tremendous success. Besides that, breast masses detection and classifications in mammograms and their pathology classification are considered a critical challenge. Till now, the evaluation process of the screening mammograms is held by human readers which is considered very monotonous, tiring, lengthy, costly, and significantly prone to errors. METHODS: We propose an end to end computer-aided diagnosis system based on You Only Look Once (YOLO). The proposed system first preprocesses the mammograms from their DICOM format to images without losing data. Then, it detects masses in full-field digital mammograms and distinguishes between the malignant and benign lesions without any human intervention. YOLO has three different architectures, and, in this paper, the three versions are used for mass detection and classification in the mammograms to compare their performance. The use of anchors in YOLO-V3 on the original form of data and its augmented version is proved to improve the detection accuracy especially when the k-means clustering is applied to generate anchors corresponding to the used dataset. Finally, ResNet and Inception are used as feature extractors to compare their classification performance against YOLO. RESULTS: Mammograms with different resolutions are used and based on YOLO-V3, the best results are obtained through detecting 89.4% of the masses in the INbreast mammograms with an average precision of 94.2% and 84.6% for classifying the masses as benign and malignant respectively. YOLO's classification network is replaced with ResNet and InceptionV3 to get overall accuracy of 91.0% and 95.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed system showed using the experimental results the YOLO impact on the breast masses detection and classification. Especially using the anchor boxes concept in YOLO-V3 that are generated by applying k-means clustering on the dataset, we can detect most of the challenging cases of masses and classify them correctly. Also, by augmenting the dataset using different approaches and comparing with other recent YOLO based studies, it is found that augmenting the training set only is the fairest and accurate to be applied in the realistic scenarios.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: With the recent development in deep learning since 2012, the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in bioinformatics, especially medical imaging, achieved tremendous success. Besides that, breast masses detection and classifications in mammograms and their pathology classification are considered a critical challenge. Till now, the evaluation process of the screening mammograms is held by human readers which is considered very monotonous, tiring, lengthy, costly, and significantly prone to errors. METHODS: We propose an end to end computer-aided diagnosis system based on You Only Look Once (YOLO). The proposed system first preprocesses the mammograms from their DICOM format to images without losing data. Then, it detects masses in full-field digital mammograms and distinguishes between the malignant and benign lesions without any human intervention. YOLO has three different architectures, and, in this paper, the three versions are used for mass detection and classification in the mammograms to compare their performance. The use of anchors in YOLO-V3 on the original form of data and its augmented version is proved to improve the detection accuracy especially when the k-means clustering is applied to generate anchors corresponding to the used dataset. Finally, ResNet and Inception are used as feature extractors to compare their classification performance against YOLO. RESULTS: Mammograms with different resolutions are used and based on YOLO-V3, the best results are obtained through detecting 89.4% of the masses in the INbreast mammograms with an average precision of 94.2% and 84.6% for classifying the masses as benign and malignant respectively. YOLO's classification network is replaced with ResNet and InceptionV3 to get overall accuracy of 91.0% and 95.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed system showed using the experimental results the YOLO impact on the breast masses detection and classification. Especially using the anchor boxes concept in YOLO-V3 that are generated by applying k-means clustering on the dataset, we can detect most of the challenging cases of masses and classify them correctly. Also, by augmenting the dataset using different approaches and comparing with other recent YOLO based studies, it is found that augmenting the training set only is the fairest and accurate to be applied in the realistic scenarios.