Minyoung Shin1. 1. Department of Counseling Psychology, Yongmoon Graduate School of Counseling Psychology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Geriatric depression complicates cognitive health in older adults. This study aims to investigate the impact of depressive symptoms on cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults, depending on whether cognitive dysfunction accompanied. DESIGN: A community-based longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: This study analyzed data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) from 2006 to 2018. PARTICIPANTS: Among 10,254 individuals who were registered in the KLoSA study, a total of 9119 subjects met the criteria, and 4547 subjects were included in the final analysis. The subjects were grouped into 4 categories based on depressive symptoms and cognitive dysfunction at baseline assessment: "normal control" (NC, n = 3341), "depression only" (Dep-only, n = 652), "cognitive dysfunction only" (CD-only, n = 393), and "depression with cognitive dysfunction" (Dep-CD, n = 161). MEASUREMENTS: Cognitive impairment 10 years later was defined as K-MMSE scores below two percentile on demographically adjusted norms. RESULTS: Ten-year survival, that is, not experiencing cognitive impairment, was 80 $$ \pm \,$$1% in NC group, 72 $$ \pm $$ 2% in Dep-only group, 52 $$ \pm $$ 3% in CD-only group, and 44 $$ \pm $$ 5% in Dep-CD group. The hazard ratio (HR) of the Dep-only group (HR = 1.18, 95% CI, 0.97-1.43, n.s.) did not differ from that of the NC group, but the HR of the Dep-CD group was significantly higher (HR = 2.85, 95% CI, 2.23-3.66, p < 0.001) than the NC group. When the Dep-CD group was compared to the CD-only group, the HR was 1.13 (95% CI, 0.85-1.49, n.s.), which indicates that it did not significantly differ from the CD-only group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that depressive symptoms with cognitive dysfunction are associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, cognitive dysfunction occurring with depressive symptoms is as much a risk for cognitive impairment as is pure cognitive dysfunction. Thus, healthcare providers should pay close attention to the community-dwelling elderly when depressive symptoms occur with cognitive dysfunction.
OBJECTIVES: Geriatric depression complicates cognitive health in older adults. This study aims to investigate the impact of depressive symptoms on cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults, depending on whether cognitive dysfunction accompanied. DESIGN: A community-based longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: This study analyzed data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) from 2006 to 2018. PARTICIPANTS: Among 10,254 individuals who were registered in the KLoSA study, a total of 9119 subjects met the criteria, and 4547 subjects were included in the final analysis. The subjects were grouped into 4 categories based on depressive symptoms and cognitive dysfunction at baseline assessment: "normal control" (NC, n = 3341), "depression only" (Dep-only, n = 652), "cognitive dysfunction only" (CD-only, n = 393), and "depression with cognitive dysfunction" (Dep-CD, n = 161). MEASUREMENTS: Cognitive impairment 10 years later was defined as K-MMSE scores below two percentile on demographically adjusted norms. RESULTS: Ten-year survival, that is, not experiencing cognitive impairment, was 80 $$ \pm \,$$1% in NC group, 72 $$ \pm $$ 2% in Dep-only group, 52 $$ \pm $$ 3% in CD-only group, and 44 $$ \pm $$ 5% in Dep-CD group. The hazard ratio (HR) of the Dep-only group (HR = 1.18, 95% CI, 0.97-1.43, n.s.) did not differ from that of the NC group, but the HR of the Dep-CD group was significantly higher (HR = 2.85, 95% CI, 2.23-3.66, p < 0.001) than the NC group. When the Dep-CD group was compared to the CD-only group, the HR was 1.13 (95% CI, 0.85-1.49, n.s.), which indicates that it did not significantly differ from the CD-only group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that depressive symptoms with cognitive dysfunction are associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, cognitive dysfunction occurring with depressive symptoms is as much a risk for cognitive impairment as is pure cognitive dysfunction. Thus, healthcare providers should pay close attention to the community-dwelling elderly when depressive symptoms occur with cognitive dysfunction.
Authors: Minyoung Shin; Min Kyun Sohn; Jongmin Lee; Deog Young Kim; Yong-Il Shin; Gyung-Jae Oh; Yang-Soo Lee; Min Cheol Joo; So Young Lee; Min-Keun Song; Junhee Han; Jeonghoon Ahn; Young-Hoon Lee; Won Hyuk Chang; Seyoung Shin; Soo Mi Choi; Seon Kui Lee; Yun-Hee Kim Journal: J Pers Med Date: 2022-03-03