Olga Speck1,2, Feray Steinhart1, Thomas Speck1,2. 1. Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany. 2. Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Germany.
Abstract
PREMISE: Because of their own weight and additional wind forces, plants are exposed to various bending and torsional loads that sometimes require contradictory structural characteristics and mechanical properties. The resulting trade-off between flexural and torsional rigidity can be quantified and compared using the dimensionless twist-to-bend ratio. METHODS: The flexural rigidity of the stems of Carex pendula was determined by 2-point bending tests. Additionally, 4-point bending tests and torsional tests were carried out on segments of two internodes directly below the inflorescences to measure flexural and torsional rigidity. Anatomical investigations were performed to quantify the cross-sectional distribution of their tissues. RESULTS: The flexural rigidity of the stems, segments of the apical internode 1, and the more basal internode 2 differed significantly from each other, whereas the bending elastic moduli were not significantly different. The torsional rigidity of segments of internode 2 was a factor of 3.3 higher than that of internode 1, whereas the torsional moduli did not differ significantly. The twist-to-bend ratios of segments of internode 1 and 2 reached values between 85 and 403. Light microscopic investigations revealed a triangular stem possessing individual sclerenchyma strands, with internode 2 having significantly more strands than internode 1. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of Carex pendula, flexural and torsional rigidity are adapted to the given mechanical constraints by significant changes in morphometric variables (axial and polar second moment of area, number of sclerenchyma strands), whereas the material properties (bending and torsional modulus) do not change markedly along the stem.
PREMISE: Because of their own weight and additional wind forces, plants are exposed to various bending and torsional loads that sometimes require contradictory structural characteristics and mechanical properties. The resulting trade-off between flexural and torsional rigidity can be quantified and compared using the dimensionless twist-to-bend ratio. METHODS: The flexural rigidity of the stems of Carex pendula was determined by 2-point bending tests. Additionally, 4-point bending tests and torsional tests were carried out on segments of two internodes directly below the inflorescences to measure flexural and torsional rigidity. Anatomical investigations were performed to quantify the cross-sectional distribution of their tissues. RESULTS: The flexural rigidity of the stems, segments of the apical internode 1, and the more basal internode 2 differed significantly from each other, whereas the bending elastic moduli were not significantly different. The torsional rigidity of segments of internode 2 was a factor of 3.3 higher than that of internode 1, whereas the torsional moduli did not differ significantly. The twist-to-bend ratios of segments of internode 1 and 2 reached values between 85 and 403. Light microscopic investigations revealed a triangular stem possessing individual sclerenchyma strands, with internode 2 having significantly more strands than internode 1. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of Carex pendula, flexural and torsional rigidity are adapted to the given mechanical constraints by significant changes in morphometric variables (axial and polar second moment of area, number of sclerenchyma strands), whereas the material properties (bending and torsional modulus) do not change markedly along the stem.