Perchlorate adsorption onto epichlorohydrin crosslinked chitosan hydrogel beads.

Perchlorate (ClO4-) in water is an emerging contaminant that threatens human health by inhibiting the uptake of iodine in the thyroid gland. Biopolymer adsorbents including chitosan hydrogel beads (CSBs) have attracted increasing attentions in water treatment for their low costs, ease in preparation, and environmental friendliness. However, the adsorption capacity for ClO4- by several crosslinked CSBs has been shown to be low. To overcome this, epichlorohydrin (ECH) crosslinked CSBs (ECH-CSBs) that preserved -NH2 functional groups as potential sites for adsorption are synthesized and characterized, followed by batch adsorption experiments to evaluate adsorption and desorption reactions. The point of zero charge is determined to be 5.1 ± 0.1. Both XPS spectra and DFT calculations support that electrostatic interaction between ClO4- and protonated -NH3+ functional groups is responsible for adsorption that reaches a capacity of 63.4 to 76.3 mg/g between pH of 4.0-10.0 at 303.15 K that follows Langmuir isotherm. ECH crosslinking also enhances hydrophilicity of CSBs to allow for increased adsorption for ClO4-. Adsorption of ClO4- (10 and 100 mg/L) follows a pseudo-first order kinetics with equilibrium time of 2-6 h but is limited by intra-particle diffusion. Anions common in natural waters exhibit interference effects due to similar electrostatic attraction mechanism, thus HCO3- and SO42- with high abundance in natural waters need pre-treatment. Regeneration of the adsorbents to 100% of its adsorption capacity by rinsing with 0.1 M NaOH is demonstrated for 12 cycles due to complete desorption of ClO4- via electrostatic repulsion, assuring reusability.