Shiv Ram Krishna Dubey1,2, Neha Shrivastava1,3, Tanya Sharma4, Girish C Bhatt5, Bhavna Dhingra1, Abhijit P Pakhare6, S K Goel7, Deepti Joshi4. 1. Department of Pediatrics, ISN-Sister Renal Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, India. 2. Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, India. 3. Department of Pediatrics, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. 4. Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. 5. Department of Pediatrics, ISN-Sister Renal Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, India. drgcbhatt@gmail.com. 6. Department of Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. 7. Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: There is sparsity of studies evaluating blood pressure in children with sickle cell disease (SCD), which have shown inconsistent results. Few of the studies have documented lower office blood pressure (BP) in SCD patients, whereas, others have shown presence of masked hypertension and abnormal ambulatory blood BP monitoring (ABPM). Thus, the present study was conducted to examine 24 h ABPM parameters and renal dysfunction in children with SCD and compare them with healthy controls. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 56 children (30 children having SCD and 26 controls). ABPM and evaluation of renal functions including serum creatinine, serum urea, urinary creatinine, urinary protein and specific gravity was performed. RESULTS: Spot urinary protein to creatinine ratio was found to be higher in patients with SCD (63.3%) as compared to controls (p < 0.001). Proteinuria was observed in 1/4th of the SCD patients less than ten years of age. Masked hypertension was present in 2 (6.6%) patients, ambulatory hypertension in 4 (13.3%), ambulatory pre-hypertension in 1 (3.3%) and abnormal dipping in 60%. A statistically significant correlation of BMI for age Z-score and standard deviation score (SDS/Z) of 24 h systolic BP (r = 0.56, p = 0.002); estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with 24 h diastolic BP SDS (r = -0.52; p = 0.038) and age with e GFR (r = 0.54; p = 0.025) was found in the present study. CONCLUSIONS: The present study corroborates that ABPM abnormalities (ambulatory hypertension, non-dipping pattern, ambulatory prehypertension) and early onset proteinuria are significant findings in patients with SCD. This underscores the importance of regular screening for proteinuria and ABPM in routine care, for early detection and prevention of progressive renal damage in SCD.
OBJECTIVES: There is sparsity of studies evaluating blood pressure in children with sickle cell disease (SCD), which have shown inconsistent results. Few of the studies have documented lower office blood pressure (BP) in SCDpatients, whereas, others have shown presence of masked hypertension and abnormal ambulatory blood BP monitoring (ABPM). Thus, the present study was conducted to examine 24 h ABPM parameters and renal dysfunction in children with SCD and compare them with healthy controls. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 56 children (30 children having SCD and 26 controls). ABPM and evaluation of renal functions including serum creatinine, serum urea, urinary creatinine, urinary protein and specific gravity was performed. RESULTS: Spot urinary protein to creatinine ratio was found to be higher in patients with SCD (63.3%) as compared to controls (p < 0.001). Proteinuria was observed in 1/4th of the SCDpatients less than ten years of age. Masked hypertension was present in 2 (6.6%) patients, ambulatory hypertension in 4 (13.3%), ambulatory pre-hypertension in 1 (3.3%) and abnormal dipping in 60%. A statistically significant correlation of BMI for age Z-score and standard deviation score (SDS/Z) of 24 h systolic BP (r = 0.56, p = 0.002); estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with 24 h diastolic BP SDS (r = -0.52; p = 0.038) and age with e GFR (r = 0.54; p = 0.025) was found in the present study. CONCLUSIONS: The present study corroborates that ABPM abnormalities (ambulatory hypertension, non-dipping pattern, ambulatory prehypertension) and early onset proteinuria are significant findings in patients with SCD. This underscores the importance of regular screening for proteinuria and ABPM in routine care, for early detection and prevention of progressive renal damage in SCD.