Cornelia Weikert1, Iris Trefflich, Juliane Menzel, Rima Obeid, Alessa Longree, Jutta Dierkes, Klaus Meyer, Isabelle Herter-Aeberli, Knut Mai, Gabriele I Stangl, Sandra M Müller, Tanja Schwerdtle, Alfonso Lampen, Klaus Abraham. 1. German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Nutrition, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; BEVITAL AS, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Medical Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Clinical Research Unit, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany; Charité-Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin site, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In Germany, public interest in a vegan diet is steadily growing. There are, however, no current data on the macro- and micronutrient status of vegans. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study entitled "The Risks and Benefits of a Vegan Diet" (RBVD), we investigated the dietary intake, basic laboratory parameters, vitamin status, and trace-element status of 36 vegans and 36 persons on an omnivorous diet. Each group consisted of 18 men and 18 women aged 30-60. RESULTS: Nearly all the vegans and one-third of the persons on a mixed diet had consumed supplements in the previous 4 weeks. Vegans and nonvegans had similar energy intake but differed in the intake of both macronutrients (e.g., dietary fiber) and micronutrients (e.g., vitamins B12, B2, D, E, and K, as well as folate, iodine, and iron). There were no intergroup differences in the biomarkers of vitamin B12, vitamin D, or iron status. The ferritin values and blood counts indicated iron deficiency in four vegans and three non-vegans. Measurements in 24-hour urine samples revealed lower calcium excretion and markedly lower iodine excretion in vegans compared to non-vegans; in one-third of the vegans, iodine excretion was lower than the WHO threshold value (<20 μg/L) for severe iodine deficiency. CONCLUSION: Vitamin B12 status was similarly good in vegans and non-vegans, even though the vegans consumed very little dietary B12. This may be due to the high rate of supplementation. The findings imply a need to also assure adequate iodine intake in the population, especially among persons on a vegan diet.
BACKGROUND: In Germany, public interest in a vegan diet is steadily growing. There are, however, no current data on the macro- and micronutrient status of vegans. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study entitled "The Risks and Benefits of a Vegan Diet" (RBVD), we investigated the dietary intake, basic laboratory parameters, vitamin status, and trace-element status of 36 vegans and 36 persons on an omnivorous diet. Each group consisted of 18 men and 18 women aged 30-60. RESULTS: Nearly all the vegans and one-third of the persons on a mixed diet had consumed supplements in the previous 4 weeks. Vegans and nonvegans had similar energy intake but differed in the intake of both macronutrients (e.g., dietary fiber) and micronutrients (e.g., vitamins B12, B2, D, E, and K, as well as folate, iodine, and iron). There were no intergroup differences in the biomarkers of vitamin B12, vitamin D, or iron status. The ferritin values and blood counts indicated iron deficiency in four vegans and three non-vegans. Measurements in 24-hour urine samples revealed lower calcium excretion and markedly lower iodine excretion in vegans compared to non-vegans; in one-third of the vegans, iodine excretion was lower than the WHO threshold value (<20 μg/L) for severe iodine deficiency. CONCLUSION:Vitamin B12 status was similarly good in vegans and non-vegans, even though the vegans consumed very little dietary B12. This may be due to the high rate of supplementation. The findings imply a need to also assure adequate iodine intake in the population, especially among persons on a vegan diet.
Authors: Michael J Orlich; Pramil N Singh; Joan Sabaté; Karen Jaceldo-Siegl; Jing Fan; Synnove Knutsen; W Lawrence Beeson; Gary E Fraser Journal: JAMA Intern Med Date: 2013-07-08 Impact factor: 21.873
Authors: Rachel Hurst; Charlotte N Armah; Jack R Dainty; Dave J Hart; Birgit Teucher; Andrew J Goldson; Martin R Broadley; Amy K Motley; Susan J Fairweather-Tait Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2010-02-24 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Marta Ebbing; Kaare Harald Bønaa; Ottar Nygård; Egil Arnesen; Per Magne Ueland; Jan Erik Nordrehaug; Knut Rasmussen; Inger Njølstad; Helga Refsum; Dennis W Nilsen; Aage Tverdal; Klaus Meyer; Stein Emil Vollset Journal: JAMA Date: 2009-11-18 Impact factor: 56.272
Authors: Peter Clarys; Tom Deliens; Inge Huybrechts; Peter Deriemaeker; Barbara Vanaelst; Willem De Keyzer; Marcel Hebbelinck; Patrick Mullie Journal: Nutrients Date: 2014-03-24 Impact factor: 5.717
Authors: Sabine R Zwakenberg; Sharon Remmelzwaal; Joline W J Beulens; Sarah L Booth; Stephen Burgess; Hassan S Dashti; Fumiaki Imamura; Edith J M Feskens; Yvonne T van der Schouw; Ivonne Sluijs Journal: Diabetes Date: 2018-10-23 Impact factor: 9.461
Authors: Katrine Borgå; Cornelia Weikert; Jutta Dierkes; Stefan Dietrich; Klaus Abraham; Bernhard H Monien; Adrian McCann Journal: Eur J Nutr Date: 2022-09-10 Impact factor: 4.865
Authors: Christine Dawczynski; Thomas Weidauer; Cora Richert; Peter Schlattmann; Kristin Dawczynski; Michael Kiehntopf Journal: Front Nutr Date: 2022-05-16
Authors: Marica Franzago; Iva Sabovic; Sara Franchi; Maria De Santo; Andrea Di Nisio; Alice Luddi; Paola Piomboni; Ester Vitacolonna; Liborio Stuppia; Carlo Foresta Journal: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Date: 2021-03-09 Impact factor: 5.555