Altered BMP-Smad4 signaling causes complete cleft palate by disturbing osteogenesis in palatal mesenchyme.

As the major receptor mediated BMP signaling in craniofacial development, Bmpr1a expression was detected in the anterior palatal shelves from E13.5 and the posterior palatal shelves from E14.5. However, inactivating BMP receptor in the mesenchyme only leads to anterior cleft palate or submucous cleft palate. The role of BMP signaling in posterior palatal mesenchyme and palatal osteogenesis is still unknown. In this study, a secreted BMP antagonist, Noggin was over-expressed by Osr2-creKI to suppress BMP signaling intensively in mouse palatal mesenchyme, which made the newborn mouse displaying complete cleft palate, a phenotype much severer than the anterior or submucous cleft palate. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that in the anterior and posterior palatal mesenchyme, the canonical BMP-Smad4 signaling was dramatically down-regulated, while the non-canonical BMP signaling pathways were altered little. Although cell proliferation was reduced only in the anterior palatal mesenchyme, the osteogenic condensation and Osterix distribution were remarkably repressed in the posterior palatal mesenchyme by Noggin over-expression. These findings suggested that BMP-Smad4 signaling was essential for the cell proliferation in the anterior palatal mesenchyme, and for the osteogenesis in the posterior palatal mesenchyme. Interestingly, the constitutive activation of Bmpr1a in palatal mesenchyme also caused the complete cleft palate, in which the enhanced BMP-Smad4 signaling resulted in the premature osteogenic differentiation in palatal mesenchyme. Moreover, neither the Noggin over-expression nor Bmpr1a activation disrupted the elevation of palatal shelves. Our study not only suggested that BMP signaling played the differential roles in the anterior and posterior palatal mesenchyme, but also indicated that BMP-Smad4 signaling was required to be finely tuned for the osteogenesis of palatal mesenchyme.