Saleema A Karim1, Hsueh-Fen Chen1. 1. Department of Health Policy and Management, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The United States has experienced a surge of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Regardless of the overall increase in the prevalence and mortality, there are disagreements about the consequences of exposure and contracting COVID-19, specifically in rural areas. Rural areas have inherent characteristics that increase their vulnerability to contracting COVID-19. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in death rates from COVID-19 between urban and rural areas in the United States. METHODS: This study used county-level data. The data set consisted of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths along with county-level demographics. The sample consisted of all counties in the 50 US states and DC. Counties were designated as metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural. A zero-inflated negative binomial regression was used to estimate county-level number of deaths conditional on contracting COVID-19. The study focused on COVID-19-related mortality from February 10, 2020, to June 12, 2020. FINDINGS: After controlling for county-level characteristics, the rate of COVID-19 deaths was 70.3% (P < .001) for rural counties and 53.4% (P < .001) for micropolitan counties, both significantly lower than metropolitan counties during the study time period. CONCLUSION: Over time, rural geography and social isolation may not provide sustainable protection to rural residents from the pandemic. The slow progression provides rural areas additional time and opportunity to learn from the experiences in urban areas that were most affected. Rural areas need to be proactive and develop prevention strategies and response plans to manage and control the spread of COVID-19.
PURPOSE: The United States has experienced a surge of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Regardless of the overall increase in the prevalence and mortality, there are disagreements about the consequences of exposure and contracting COVID-19, specifically in rural areas. Rural areas have inherent characteristics that increase their vulnerability to contracting COVID-19. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in death rates from COVID-19 between urban and rural areas in the United States. METHODS: This study used county-level data. The data set consisted of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths along with county-level demographics. The sample consisted of all counties in the 50 US states and DC. Counties were designated as metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural. A zero-inflated negative binomial regression was used to estimate county-level number of deaths conditional on contracting COVID-19. The study focused on COVID-19-related mortality from February 10, 2020, to June 12, 2020. FINDINGS: After controlling for county-level characteristics, the rate of COVID-19deaths was 70.3% (P < .001) for rural counties and 53.4% (P < .001) for micropolitan counties, both significantly lower than metropolitan counties during the study time period. CONCLUSION: Over time, rural geography and social isolation may not provide sustainable protection to rural residents from the pandemic. The slow progression provides rural areas additional time and opportunity to learn from the experiences in urban areas that were most affected. Rural areas need to be proactive and develop prevention strategies and response plans to manage and control the spread of COVID-19.
Authors: Eugenio Paglino; Dielle J Lundberg; Ahyoung Cho; Joe A Wasserman; Rafeya Raquib; Anneliese N Luck; Katherine Hempstead; Jacob Bor; Irma T Elo; Samuel H Preston; Andrew C Stokes Journal: medRxiv Date: 2022-05-17
Authors: Dawn M Bravata; Laura J Myers; Anthony J Perkins; Salomeh Keyhani; Ying Zhang; Alan J Zillich; Andrew Dysangco; Reese Lindsey; Dev Sharmitha; Jennifer Myers; Charles Austin; Ali Sexson; Greg Arling Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2021-03-08 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: Hamam Hadi; Resti K Triastanti; Devita Anggraeni; Esti Nurwanti; Emma C Lewis; Uriyoan Colon-Ramos; Yunhee Kang; Miwa Yamaguchi; Joel Gittelsohn Journal: J Public Health Res Date: 2021-09-08
Authors: Heather N Grome; Rameela Raman; Benjamin D Katz; Mary-Margaret Fill; Timothy F Jones; William Schaffner; John Dunn Journal: J Public Health Manag Pract Date: 2022-04-05
Authors: Ahmad Z Al Meslamani; Amira B Kassem; Noha A El-Bassiouny; Osama Mohamed Ibrahim Journal: Int J Clin Pract Date: 2021-07-05 Impact factor: 3.149