Antipsychotic Treatment Experiences of People with Schizophrenia: Patient Perspectives from an Online Survey.

BACKGROUND: This survey examined the experiences of people living with schizophrenia who have used oral antipsychotics (APs).
METHODS: Adults with self-reported physician-diagnosed schizophrenia (N=200), who were members of an online research participation panel and reported taking one or more oral APs within the last year, completed a cross-sectional online survey that focused on direct report of their experiences regarding APs (eg, symptoms, side effects, adherence). Descriptive analyses were conducted for the total survey sample and for subgroups defined a priori by experience with specific, prevalent side effects.
RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 41.9 (SD=11.0) years, 50% of participants were female, and 32% were nonwhite. Overall ratings were positive for medication effectiveness and convenience but negative for side effects. While most participants reported that APs improved schizophrenia symptoms (92%), 27% reported APs as having done "more harm than good." Almost all participants (98%) reported experiencing side effects of APs, with the most common being anxiety (88%), feeling drowsy/tired (86%), and trouble concentrating (85%). Side effects frequently cited as either "extremely" or "very" bothersome were weight gain (56%), sexual dysfunction (55%), and trouble concentrating (54%). Over 80% reported that side effects had negatively impacted their work and social functioning (eg, social activities or family/romantic relationships). Since initiating treatment, 56% of respondents had stopped taking APs at some point (65% of these due to side effects). Side effects commonly reported as having led to stopping AP treatment were "feeling like a 'zombie'" (22%), feeling drowsy/tired (21%), and weight gain (20%).
CONCLUSION: Most participants reported improvements in schizophrenia symptoms associated with the use of APs. However, most participants also reported experiencing numerous bothersome side effects that negatively impacted their work, social functioning, and treatment adherence. Results highlight the unmet need for new APs with favorable benefit-risk profiles.

Introduction

Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness characterized by symptoms including hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder (ie, positive symptoms),1 social withdrawal and apathy (ie, negative symptoms), as well as cognitive difficulties and functional impairment.2 Compared to the general population, people with schizophrenia experience lower quality of life,3 poorer health,4,5 and greater difficulty with day-to-day tasks6 and maintaining employment.7 These problems are associated with increased economic burden.8,9

Antipsychotic (AP) medications are the primary pharmacologic treatment for people with schizophrenia.10 APs are effective in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia, especially positive symptoms.11 Second-generation APs (SGAs) may have an improved tolerability profile relative to first-generation APs (FGAs; eg, extrapyramidal side effects). While SGAs have sometimes been associated with better adherence than FGAs,12 the overall problem of side effect burden is far from resolved. SGA side effects include weight gain, lethargy, and drowsiness.13 Suboptimal adherence to APs remains a significant challenge for effective symptom management12 and is associated with an increased risk of relapse and rehospitalization.14

Patients’ subjective experiences with APs are often negative or ambivalent,15 and side effects may be a barrier to optimal adherence, creating a cycle of symptom relapse.16 Previous work soliciting views of people with schizophrenia regarding treatment with APs indicates that patients are concerned with the impact on their social lives and relationships, with stigma associated with taking these medications,17 and with difficulties balancing symptom control and side effects.18 Considering that adherence to medication regimens can be influenced by negative beliefs about side effects and their impacts,18,19 it is crucial to understand the experience of AP side effects from the patient perspective.

The primary aim of this survey was to gather feedback regarding treatment experiences of individuals with schizophrenia who have taken an oral AP (either FGA or SGA) within the last year. The survey collected information concerning the types, severity, and perceived impact of side effects on participants’ overall medication experiences, including impact on social functioning and adherence, and how their past experiences would influence their preferences and willingness to try a hypothetical new AP.

Materials and Methods

Survey Design

A cross-sectional, observational online survey was conducted to examine attitudes about AP treatment among those with schizophrenia. Participants were eligible if they were US residents, at least 18 years of age, self-reported a clinician-diagnosis of schizophrenia, received oral APs within a year prior to participating, were under the care of a mental health care professional (MHCP) without hospitalization for at least three months prior to participating, and had not participated in a clinical trial related to psychiatric disorders in the past twelve months (participation in observational studies was not exclusionary). While survey items focused on oral formulations, patients treated with long-acting injectables (LAIs) were not excluded from this study if they had been treated with an oral AP within a year prior to their participation. APs of interest in this study were limited to oral formulations. One aim of this study was to assess the discontinuation of APs, either with or without input from patients’ MHCPs; this may differ based on AP formulation.20,21 Further, oral APs are frequently prescribed to patients with schizophrenia,22 and there are differences in patient characteristics between those receiving oral APs vs LAIs (eg, disease severity, impairment of daily activities23). This study focused on oral APs to describe patient experiences with these commonly prescribed treatments.

Screening and survey information was self-reported, though participants were identified by Schlesinger Group, a firm specializing in recruiting research participants. Schlesinger Group collaborated with three organizations, each running a pre-existing panel of individuals interested in participating in survey research assembled using in-person, phone, and online recruitment strategies. Initial membership surveys, including demographic, medical, and lifestyle information, were collected from all panel members. The panel administrators employed regular validation procedures to ensure the quality and authenticity of panel members (eg, digital fingerprinting, flagging of suspicious IP addresses, etc). For this survey, Schlesinger Group identified adult panel members with a self-reported mental health diagnosis (based on initial membership surveys) and invited them to participate via email. Participants recruited for this study included those who had experience completing online surveys.

To ensure generalizability, a priori recruitment parameters limited the gender of participants to at most 55% men,24 at least 70% older than 30 years, and 20% over the age of 50. No other a priori parameters were used as quotas for recruitment. Participants completed all materials online via a secure web portal/electronic data capture system used previously in this population.25 All participants received an informed consent form, screener, and, if deemed eligible and willing to participate, a survey. The survey was conducted from December 14, 2018 to January 15, 2019. Materials were reviewed and approved by the New England Independent Review Board.

Demographic information (ie, race, ethnicity, age, education, time since diagnosis) was collected via screener and survey items. Participants were not asked about specific medications due to concerns over recall and participant burden. The first portion of the survey employed validated instruments, including the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication Version II (TSQMvII),26 measuring participant satisfaction with their current AP over the past two to three weeks. The TSQMvII measured participants’ satisfaction across four domains: global satisfaction, effectiveness, convenience, and side effects. The response choices for all TSQMvII items use a 7-point Likert-type scale (“extremely dissatisfied” to “extremely satisfied”) except for items belonging to the Side Effects domain, which use a 5-point Likert-type scale (“extremely dissatisfied” to “not at all dissatisfied”). Scores for each domain are the average of responses adjusted to range from 0–100, where higher scores correspond to greater satisfaction.

The remainder of the survey consisted of original items developed by the team to elicit participant feedback regarding their overall experience with APs (see original items in ). Content for these items, including symptom and side effect lists, was developed based on several sources, including a focus group study of participants with schizophrenia presented elsewhere,27 a review of the literature including existing measures on patient attitudes, and expert input.

Survey items included experience with 12 common AP side effects. The specific side effects were selected on the basis of previous focus group responses and a targeted literature search. The list of 12 side effects consisted of anxiety, gastrointestinal problems, including nausea, dizziness/fainting, dry mouth, feeling a lack of emotion, feeling drowsy or tired, “feeling like a ‘zombie,’” involuntary spasms, movements, twitching or stiffness, restlessness, sexual dysfunction, trouble concentrating, and weight gain. Participants were also given an “other” option where they could write in side effects that were not listed. For each side effect experienced, subjective distress was assessed using the term “bothersome” anchored on a 4-point scale (from “not bothersome” to “extremely bothersome”). Other items regarding AP side effects assessed the perceived impact of side effects on social functioning (work, social activities, relationships with family and friends, and romantic relationships), and embarrassment due to experienced side effects.

Participants were also asked whether they had stopped taking their AP with or without agreement from their MHCP, and if medications were stopped, the reason for stopping. MHCP referred to any mental health care professional, not just the MHCP who prescribed a patient’s AP treatment regimen. Other items addressed participants’ overall assessments of the efficacy and the benefits of their APs.

Finally, participants were asked about their preferences for characteristics of a hypothetical new AP. One item asked participants to directly compare general symptom control versus general side effect experience in a trade-off scenario balancing efficacy and side effects. Other AP preference items asked participants to choose symptoms that they would most like to be controlled, and side effects that they would most want to avoid. For both symptoms and side effects, participants could choose up to 5 from separate lists.

Analyses

Only completed surveys were accepted (see – ). Survey items developed specifically for this study were not combined into composite scales and were scored and analyzed separately. Any AP side effects written in by participants under “other” were included in reporting if written by at least three participants. All analyses were descriptive; no hypothesis testing was performed. Thus, a formal power analysis was not conducted and a sample size of 200 participants was anticipated to allow for reasonable representation of patient characteristics such as age, gender, and race/ethnicity. All analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.). Categorical data are reported using frequencies and percentages, while continuous data are reported using mean, standard deviation (SD).

Additional cross-tabulations were performed by the extent to which weight gain was reported as bothersome. Weight gain was identified as a stratification variable a priori because it was the only side effect spontaneously reported by a majority of participants in a previous focus group study27 as a consequence of AP use. In the previous study, three 90-minute focus groups (N=15; 5 participants per group) were conducted with participants with schizophrenia meeting similar eligibility criteria as in the current survey.27 The highest levels of weight gain bother (“very” and “extremely bothersome”) were combined into a single group due to the conceptual similarity of these responses. Cross tabulations were performed separately for the social functioning and treatment adherence items, which were dichotomized for analyses (presence vs absence of social functioning impact or adherence impact). An additional post hoc analysis examined preferences for a hypothetical new AP stratified by duration of illness (less than 10 years vs 10 or more years since diagnosis), as preferences toward APs could change by the duration of time living with schizophrenia.

Results

Participant Characteristics

As shown in Table 1, the survey sample of 200 participants with schizophrenia that met eligibility criteria (see – ) had a mean age of 41.9 (SD=11.0) years, was evenly split by gender, and was diverse in terms of race (32% identifying as non-Caucasian). Less than half of the sample reported earning a college degree, including an Associate’s Degree (15%), Bachelor’s Degree (19%), or a Graduate Degree (8%).

Table 1

Participant Characteristics

Characteristics	N=200
Age, mean (SD)	41.9 (11.0)
Gender, n (%)
Female	100 (50%)
Race, n (%)
African-American or Black	28 (14%)
American Indian or Alaskan Native	3 (2%)
Asian	4 (2%)
Caucasian or White	136 (68%)
Hawaiian Native or other Pacific Islander	0 (0%)
Multiple Races	19 (10%)
Other	8 (4%)
Prefer not to answer this question	2 (1%)
Ethnicity, n (%)
Hispanic/Spanish/Latino origin	16 (8%)
Education, n (%)
Less than High School diploma	15 (8%)
High School Diploma or GED	50 (25%)
Some College, but no degree	51 (26%)
Associate’s Degree or Technical Certificate	30 (15%)
Bachelor’s Degree (B.A., B.S., etc)	38 (19%)
Graduate Degree (M.A., M.S., Ph.D. M.D., etc)	16 (8%)
Time Since Diagnosis, n (%)
1 year to < 2 years	27 (14%)
2 years to < 3 years	25 (13%)
3 years to < 5 years	35 (18%)
5 years to < 10 years	24 (12%)
≥ 10 years	89 (45%)
Currently Taking Oral AP, n (%)	187 (94%)

Abbreviations: AP, antipsychotic; SD, standard deviation.

Approximately 45% of participants reported having been diagnosed with schizophrenia for 10 years or longer, and approximately 75% were diagnosed at least three years prior to the survey.

AP Treatment Experiences

Reported Efficacy of APs

Most participants reported that they were taking an AP at the time of the survey (94%, Table 1). Regarding their current AP, participants indicated ratings of global impression of AP medication (mean=62.3, SD=25.5) and effectiveness of AP medication (mean=61.6, SD=25.5) that corresponded to ratings between “somewhat satisfied” and “satisfied” on the TSQMvII. Participant ratings for convenience of AP medication (mean=70.3, SD=24.1) corresponded to ratings between “satisfied” and “very satisfied.” The mean score on the side effects subscale was lower (mean=51.3, SD=25.2), with average responses across the domain corresponding closely to the response option of “somewhat dissatisfied.”

Most participants (92%) reported that their AP improved their schizophrenia symptoms. The largest portion of participants indicated “some improvement” (44%), followed by “large improvement” (34%) and “very large improvement” (15%). Only 2% (3 participants) indicated that APs worsened their symptoms.

Attitudes Toward APs

Most of the sample (67%) acknowledged a need for APs, and 42% responded “strongly disagree” with the statement “I do not need my oral antipsychotic medications.” A total of 27% of participants agreed with the statement that their APs have done “more harm than good,” one-half of participants (51%) disagreed with this statement, and 23% were undecided.

Reported Side Effects of APs

One hundred and ninety-five of 200 participants (98%) reported experiencing AP side effects. Each of the 12 specified side effects was experienced by at least 70% of participants. The three most commonly reported side effects were anxiety (88%), feeling drowsy or tired (86%), and trouble concentrating (85%). Of those reporting experience of respective side effects, weight gain was the side effect with the largest proportion reporting the experience as “very bothersome” (27%) or “extremely bothersome” (29%), followed by sexual dysfunction, which was reported as “extremely bothersome” by 33% of participants and “very bothersome” by 22% of those experiencing it (Figure 1). The only side effect that was written in by at least three participants was “hunger,” reported by three participants (data not shown).

Figure 1

Bothersomeness of side effects of AP (among participants who experienced side effect).

Perceived Impacts of AP Side Effects on Social Functioning

Most participants (between 82% and 91%) reported some degree of impact of AP side effects across four facets of social functioning queried. For all facets of social functioning, slightly less than half (42% - 46%) of participants reported one of the highest levels of impact (“quite a bit” or “a great deal,” Table 2). For example, 45% of participants indicated that AP side effects have limited their ability to perform paid or unpaid work either “quite a bit” or “a great deal.”

Table 2

Perceived Impacts of AP Side Effects on Social Functioning (N=195)

How Much Have the Side Effects of Your AP Medications …	Not at All	Very Little	Somewhat	Quite a Bit	A Great Deal
Limited your ability to perform paid or unpaid work?	14%	14%	28%	22%	23%
Limited your ability to engage in social activities?	9%	15%	31%	21%	24%
Interfered with your relationships with friends or family?	11%	21%	26%	19%	23%
Interfered with your romantic relationships?	19%	9%	26%	19%	28%

Note: Percentages are based on 195 participants that indicated experiencing side effects.

Abbreviation: AP, antipsychotic.

Between 33% and 57% of participants indicated feeling embarrassment due to AP side effects when considering those experienced. Anxiety was reported as embarrassing by the largest percentage of participants (57%), followed by sexual dysfunction (53%), trouble concentrating (51%), and weight gain (50%).

Figure 2 shows the percentage of social impact (including all categories of impact: “very little,” “somewhat,” “quite a bit,” and “a great deal”) by the extent to which weight gain was bothersome. For all facets of social functioning, a larger proportion of the group experiencing weight gain reported limitations in social functioning compared to those who did not experience weight gain.

Figure 2

Perceived impacts of AP side effects on social functioning stratified by weight gain experience (N=200).

Stopping APs

More than half of participants (56%) had stopped taking an AP at some point, either with and/or without agreement of their MHCP. Among all participants, just under one-half (46%) reported having stopped their AP at some point without the agreement of their MHCP (ie, non-adherence) and close to one-third (31%) reported having stopped their medication with the agreement of their MHCP at some point. A subset of participants (20%) had indicated agreement with both options: having stopped their medication with the agreement of their MHCP at some point, and at another time having stopped their medication without the agreement of their MHCP.

The most cited reason for stopping APs was side effects. Among those who reported stopping APs without MHCP agreement, 67% indicated side effects as a reason, 56% indicated not liking to take medication as a reason for stopping, and 46% did not believe the medication was necessary. Among those stopping APs with MHCP agreement, side effects were mentioned by 67%, changing to another medication by 53%, and not liking to take medication by 37%. Among those stopping APs because of side effects (regardless of MHCP agreement), the three most frequently cited side effects were: “feeling like a ‘zombie’” (22%), feeling drowsy or tired (21%), and weight gain (20%).

Figure 3 shows the percentage of participants stopping APs by the extent to which weight gain was bothersome. Among those with “somewhat,” “very,” or “extremely bothersome” weight gain, approximately half of participants reported having stopped APs without the agreement of their MHCP (51%-55%, right part of Figure 3). For those with no weight gain or weight gain that was not bothersome, the percentages are lower (29%–38%). In contrast, no clear trend across weight bother groups is seen regarding stopping medication with the agreement of the MHCP.

Figure 3

Stopping AP stratified by four categories of weight gain experience (N=200).

Preferences for a Hypothetical New AP

When asked to compare symptoms to be controlled versus side effects to be avoided relative to their current or most recently used AP in a generalized trade-off scenario (Table 3), participants reported a preference for improvement in symptoms rather than reduction in side effects. Most participants (67%) reported being interested in an AP that would improve symptoms of schizophrenia. However, the highest proportion of participants (45%) preferred “small improvements in symptoms for no change in side effects” rather than “large improvements in symptoms with slightly worse side effects” (chosen by only 22%). One-third of participants (34%) indicated a preference for medications with improved side effects, with 9% of all participants indicating a willingness to accept worse symptom control if it meant large improvements in side effects. When stratified by duration of illness, no difference was observed among participants who had been diagnosed for less than 10 years vs 10 years or longer; most participants reported a preference for APs that would improve symptoms of schizophrenia compared with relieving side effects (66% of participants diagnosed for less than 10 years and 68% of participants diagnosed for 10 years or longer preferred APs that would improve symptoms) (Table 3).

Table 3

Trade-Offs Between Symptom Relief and Side Effects in an AP (N=200)

Compared to Your Current or Most Recent AP, Which of the Following Would You Prefer?
	Large improvement in symptoms, but slightly worse side effectsn (row %)	Small improvement in symptoms, but no change in side effectsn (row %)	No change in symptoms, but small improvement in side effectsn (row %)	Slightly worse symptoms, but large improvement in side effectsn (row %)
Overall	44 (22%)	90 (45%)	49 (25%)	17 (9%)
Disease duration
Less than 10 years	19 (17%)	54 (49%)	29 (26%)	9 (8%)
10 or more years	25 (28%)	36 (40%)	20 (22%)	8 (9%)

Abbreviation: AP, antipsychotic.

In a hypothetical new AP, the symptoms that participants most frequently reported wanting better control for were anxiety (55%), inability to concentrate or think clearly (45%), feeling withdrawn from others (42%), feeling that others are working together against them (41%), and auditory hallucinations (40%). Anxiety was also listed as the most endorsed side effect to be avoided (45%). Three other common side effects to be avoided were: “feeling like a ‘zombie’” (39%), weight gain (38%), and sexual dysfunction (35%). (See – and )

Discussion

This online survey captured the experiences with APs among 200 participants living with schizophrenia. Most participants had lived with schizophrenia for many years (45% for 10 or more years). The sample was diverse in terms of demographics and educational background. The overall educational level was in line with estimated educational attainment for the US general population.28

Participants were mostly satisfied with their current medication except for side effect burden. Almost all participants reported side effects from APs, and each of the twelve side effects listed in the survey was experienced by at least 70% of participants. The three most commonly experienced side effects were anxiety, feeling drowsy or tired, and trouble concentrating. The most commonly experienced side effects, however, only partially overlapped with those reported as most bothersome, which were weight gain, sexual dysfunction, and trouble concentrating.

Interpretation of participant assessment of side effects is complicated by attribution of schizophrenia symptoms versus treatment side effects. While this report listed symptoms and side effects independently, it may be difficult for participants - and their clinicians - to disentangle these two. We suspect that there may be overlap as the pattern of responses shows that participants endorse the same problem as a symptom and a side effect. For example, akathisia, a movement disorder characterized by a subjective feeling of restlessness and caused by APs, is often misdiagnosed or may be experienced as anxiety.29 In our survey and in previously conducted focus groups,27 anxiety and trouble concentrating were two frequently reported side effects, but participants also indicated these to be symptoms of schizophrenia. These conditions could be side effects of treatment,30–32 but may also be part of the schizophrenia syndrome itself (amotivation, negative symptoms). The ambiguity of attribution of these experiences to syndrome or medication is one of many factors that must be considered to better understand participants’ characterization of the side effects associated with APs (also see Kleinman et al33).

Almost all participants responded that AP side effects, taken together, had negatively impacted important areas of their lives. This result is in line with previous work.34,35 The impacts included work life, social activities, relationships with family and friends, and romantic relationships. Social impacts may in part owe to embarrassment participants indicating experiencing over anxiety, sexual dysfunction, trouble concentrating, and weight gain; these side effects again partially overlapping with those frequently cited as bothersome. Embarrassment over sexual dysfunction may also explain why many more participants in this anonymous survey cited this side effect as compared to the focus groups27 (71% vs 26%).

Further analyses examined the impact of weight gain, as this was the most prevalent side effect mentioned by participants in focus groups27 conducted to inform the current survey. In analyses that stratified the degree to which weight gain was bothersome, a larger proportion of participants with more bothersome weight gain reported a negative impact on their social functioning as compared to those who reported less bothersome or no weight gain. This trend was found across all facets of social functioning, with large differences between the group not experiencing weight gain and the group experiencing the most bothersome weight gain. While causal inferences cannot be drawn from a cross-sectional survey, these differences suggest that weight gain as an AP side effect may affect social functioning in individuals with schizophrenia.

Despite participant reports about the bothersomeness, embarrassment, and social limitations associated with side effects of APs, participants considered side effects in the context of efficacy. Although a clear majority indicated they needed APs to help control symptoms, only half of participants disagreed with a survey item stating that the medications do “more harm than good.” These findings, combined with those indicating that almost all participants reported that their AP improved their schizophrenia symptoms, may indicate that most participants recognize the need for their symptom control with APs, even at the cost of experiencing side effects. In addition, a substantial portion of participants valued efficacy over side effect relief, suggestive of an unwillingness to trade symptom control for improvement in side effects. Among participants who chose greater efficacy over side effect relief, most endorsed a small improvement in symptoms for no change in side effects compared to the alternative, a large improvement in symptoms for slightly worse symptoms. Regardless of the duration of illness, most participants reported a preference for APs that would improve symptoms of schizophrenia compared with relieving side effects. This finding is consistent with previous research that has examined treatment preferences among patients living with schizophrenia. For example, Bridges et al36 found that patients with a recent diagnosis of schizophrenia (<5 years since diagnosis) cited a reduction in disease symptoms as the most important goal of treatment. The preference for reduced symptoms of schizophrenia has also been demonstrated in samples of patients living with their condition for a longer range of time.37,38 The side effects that participants most wanted to avoid in a new hypothetical AP again overlapped with those reported in regards to other facets of experience (frequency, bothersomeness, embarrassment): anxiety, “feeling like a ‘zombie,’” and weight gain. These overall participant assessments and attitudes about APs are important as previous work has reported that patient attitudes toward APs are closely linked to adherence and quality of life.35,39

Considering the personal3–5 and societal8,9 impacts of schizophrenia, and the association between non-adherence and risk of relapse/re-hospitalization,14 adherence is a topic of special importance. In this sample, more than half of participants indicated they had stopped their AP at some point, and nearly half have been non-adherent (stopped without agreement of their MHCP). While it has been reported that negative attitudes regarding AP side effects predict suboptimal adherence,39 side effects were the most cited reason for stopping medication in this survey. The side effects most frequently cited as being associated with stopping – “feeling like a ‘zombie,’” feeling drowsy or tired, and weight gain—overlapped with those associated with higher degrees of bothersomeness and impact on social functioning. Among those stopping medication without agreement from their MHCP, a greater proportion had experienced weight gain and found it bothersome – a pattern not found among those stopping with the agreement of their MHCPs. While causal links cannot be drawn from these survey data, it is possible that non-adherence may be driven in part by weight gain when considering the impact of weight gain on social functioning, and that participants in this survey indicated that weight gain is one of the most embarrassing side effects of APs.

Several limitations of our survey should be noted. We used a sample of participants living with schizophrenia identified through existing online patient panels. While this ensures that participants had access to, and were comfortable with, the Internet, it may also mean that the sample is not representative of the total population of individuals with schizophrenia. However, age and recruitment parameters were employed to increase the likelihood that the sample would be representative of the larger population of people with schizophrenia. The sample also may not be representative of the larger population in clinical terms, as it necessarily consists of participants who are willing and able to complete an online survey,40 which could also mean that our results may have underestimated the burden of schizophrenia. Consistent with this, the sample has a somewhat higher level of education than found in similar samples,41,42 perhaps reflecting the fact that this online survey required some familiarity and comfort with web-access and literacy skills to complete the survey items. Systematic bias may also be present due to differences in online competency by age, such that younger rather than older participants may have been more familiar with completing web-based surveys, presenting the possibility of more user error for older participants.

As data were collected through an anonymous self-reported survey, there is no way to verify participants’ responses, including diagnosis and treatment history information. Responses could be affected by systematic recall bias. Many of the experiences of symptoms and side effects overlap by participants’ descriptions, and so it may be difficult to make dispositive attributions of these experiences to one category or another. With all of these limitations noted, the aim of this study was to gain insight into the subjective experiences of participants, and many of these limitations are intrinsic to that objective. In spite of the limitations, most of which apply to survey research generally, these findings provide useful information that can help clinicians and researchers better understand drivers of suboptimal adherence and factors that may contribute to patient–clinician shared decision-making with respect to medication and behavioral treatments for schizophrenia.

As all analyses are descriptive in nature, no inferences can be made about associations or causality of the variables analyzed.

Cognitive debriefing was not performed for items developed for this survey. However, the content of the survey was based on the prior qualitative focus group study27 of participants living with schizophrenia (N=15), as well as input from representatives from national mental health patient advocacy groups and clinical experts in the fields of schizophrenia and psychometrics, all of whom agreed on the relevance and face validity of the items. Additionally, all phases of design were conducted in accordance with recent reviews of the literature and the FDA regulatory guidance for patient-reported outcomes.43

Conclusions

AP side effects were experienced by most participants and were cited as being associated with limitations on social functioning, difficulties with adhering to a medication regimen, and difficulties in balancing side effect burden with the consequences of not taking APs. When considering frequency, degree of bother, adherence concerns, and desired attributes of APs, participants assessed three side effects as particularly problematic: weight gain, sexual dysfunction, and “feeling like a ‘zombie.’” Participants with more bothersome weight gain as a side effect of APs reported social impacts and non-adherence in greater proportions than those experiencing less bothersome or no weight gain.

These results highlight the unmet need for new APs for schizophrenia that maintain or improve effectiveness in controlling symptoms while reducing bothersome side effects.