Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa1, Ni Luh Ayu Megasari2, Dwi Wahyu Indriati3, Tomohiro Kotaki4, Diana Natalia5, Masanori Kameoka6. 1. BSc, MSc, Doctoral Program - Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia; Indonesian-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia. 2. BSND, MTropMed, PhD, Indonesian-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia. 3. BSc, PhD, Indonesian-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia. 4. PhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0142, Japan. 5. MD, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Tanjung Pura, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia. 6. PhD, Professor, Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0142, Japan.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The present study investigated the HIV-1 subtype classification in addition to prevalence of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced and ART-naïve residents of Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. METHODS: Whole blood samples collected from 30 HIV-1-infected individuals, comprising 19 ART-experienced and 11 ART-naïve individuals, were subjected to RNA and DNA extraction, followed by HIV-1 genes amplification and sequencing analysis. HIV-1 subtyping was classified on viral pol genes encoding reverse transcriptase (RT gene) and protease (PR gene) accompanied by the env and gag genes. DRMs in the RT and PR genes were also analyzed. RESULTS: CRF01_AE was identified as the predominant circulating recombinant form (CRF) of HIV-1 in both ART-experienced and ART-naïve individuals. In addition, CRF02_AG, subtype B, recombinant virus expressing CRF01_AE and subtype B viral genomic fragments, also recombinant virus containing CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG genomic fragments were also identified. Acquired drug resistance (ADR) was identified in 28.5% of ART-experienced individuals, while no transmitted drug resistance was identified in ART-naïve individuals. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified CRF01_AE as the most predominant HIV-1 CRF distributing in Pontianak, Indonesia. The prevalence of ADR is considered to be high; thus, further surveillance is needed in this region. GERMS.
INTRODUCTION: The present study investigated the HIV-1 subtype classification in addition to prevalence of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced and ART-naïve residents of Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. METHODS: Whole blood samples collected from 30 HIV-1-infected individuals, comprising 19 ART-experienced and 11 ART-naïve individuals, were subjected to RNA and DNA extraction, followed by HIV-1 genes amplification and sequencing analysis. HIV-1 subtyping was classified on viral pol genes encoding reverse transcriptase (RT gene) and protease (PR gene) accompanied by the env and gag genes. DRMs in the RT and PR genes were also analyzed. RESULTS: CRF01_AE was identified as the predominant circulating recombinant form (CRF) of HIV-1 in both ART-experienced and ART-naïve individuals. In addition, CRF02_AG, subtype B, recombinant virus expressing CRF01_AE and subtype B viral genomic fragments, also recombinant virus containing CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG genomic fragments were also identified. Acquired drug resistance (ADR) was identified in 28.5% of ART-experienced individuals, while no transmitted drug resistance was identified in ART-naïve individuals. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified CRF01_AE as the most predominant HIV-1 CRF distributing in Pontianak, Indonesia. The prevalence of ADR is considered to be high; thus, further surveillance is needed in this region. GERMS.
Entities:
Keywords:
CRF01_AE; HIV-1; Indonesia; acquired drug resistance; transmitted drug resistance
Authors: Annemarie M Wensing; Vincent Calvez; Huldrych F Günthard; Victoria A Johnson; Roger Paredes; Deenan Pillay; Robert W Shafer; Douglas D Richman Journal: Top Antivir Med Date: 2016-12
Authors: Edsel Maurice T Salvaña; Brian E Schwem; Patrick R Ching; Simon D W Frost; Sharie Keanne C Ganchua; Jill R Itable Journal: Int J Infect Dis Date: 2017-06-21 Impact factor: 3.623