David A Talan1, Sukhjit S Takhar2, Anusha Krishnadasan3, William R Mower4, Daniel J Pallin5, Manish Garg6, Jon Femling7, Richard E Rothman8, Johanna C Moore9, Alan E Jones10, Frank Lovecchio11, Jonathan Jui12, Mark T Steele13, Amy M Stubbs13, William K Chiang14, Gregory J Moran3. 1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, Divsion of Infectious Diseases, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA. Electronic address: dtalan@ucla.edu. 2. Department of Emergency Medicine, Mills Peninsula Medical Center, Burlingame, CA. 3. Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA. 4. Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, Divsion of Infectious Diseases, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA. 5. Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 6. Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY. 7. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM. 8. Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 9. Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN. 10. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, MS. 11. Department of Emergency Medicine, Valleywise Health Medical Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ. 12. Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR. 13. Department of Emergency Medicine, Truman Medical Center, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, MO. 14. Department of Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE: Enterobacteriaceae resistant to ceftriaxone, mediated through extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), commonly cause urinary tract infections worldwide, but have been less prevalent in North America. Current US rates are unknown. We determine Enterobacteriaceae antimicrobial resistance rates among US emergency department (ED) patients hospitalized for urinary tract infection. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled adults hospitalized for urinary tract infection from 11 geographically diverse university-affiliated hospital EDs during 2018 to 2019. Among participants with culture-confirmed infection, we evaluated prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, including that caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, resistance risk factors, and time to in vitro-active antibiotics. RESULTS: Of 527 total participants, 444 (84%) had cultures that grew Enterobacteriaceae; 89 of 435 participants (20.5%; 95% confidence interval 16.9% to 24.5%; 4.6% to 45.4% by site) whose isolates had confirmatory testing had bacteria that were ESBL producing. The overall prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection among all participants with urinary tract infection was 17.2% (95% confidence interval 14.0% to 20.7%). ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection risk factors were hospital, long-term care, antibiotic exposure within 90 days, and a fluoroquinolone- or ceftriaxone-resistant isolate within 1 year. Enterobacteriaceae resistance rates for other antimicrobials were fluoroquinolone 32.3%, gentamicin 13.7%, amikacin 1.3%, and meropenem 0.3%. Ceftriaxone was the most common empirical antibiotic. In vitro-active antibiotics were not administered within 12 hours of presentation to 48 participants (53.9%) with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection, including 17 (58.6%) with sepsis. Compared with other Enterobacteriaceae infections, ESBL infections were associated with longer time to in vitro-active treatment (17.3 versus 3.5 hours). CONCLUSION: Among adults hospitalized for urinary tract infection in many US locations, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have emerged as a common cause of infection that is often not initially treated with an in vitro-active antibiotic.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: Enterobacteriaceae resistant to ceftriaxone, mediated through extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), commonly cause urinary tract infections worldwide, but have been less prevalent in North America. Current US rates are unknown. We determine Enterobacteriaceae antimicrobial resistance rates among US emergency department (ED) patients hospitalized for urinary tract infection. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled adults hospitalized for urinary tract infection from 11 geographically diverse university-affiliated hospital EDs during 2018 to 2019. Among participants with culture-confirmed infection, we evaluated prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, including that caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, resistance risk factors, and time to in vitro-active antibiotics. RESULTS: Of 527 total participants, 444 (84%) had cultures that grew Enterobacteriaceae; 89 of 435 participants (20.5%; 95% confidence interval 16.9% to 24.5%; 4.6% to 45.4% by site) whose isolates had confirmatory testing had bacteria that were ESBL producing. The overall prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection among all participants with urinary tract infection was 17.2% (95% confidence interval 14.0% to 20.7%). ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection risk factors were hospital, long-term care, antibiotic exposure within 90 days, and a fluoroquinolone- or ceftriaxone-resistant isolate within 1 year. Enterobacteriaceae resistance rates for other antimicrobials were fluoroquinolone 32.3%, gentamicin 13.7%, amikacin 1.3%, and meropenem 0.3%. Ceftriaxone was the most common empirical antibiotic. In vitro-active antibiotics were not administered within 12 hours of presentation to 48 participants (53.9%) with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection, including 17 (58.6%) with sepsis. Compared with other Enterobacteriaceae infections, ESBL infections were associated with longer time to in vitro-active treatment (17.3 versus 3.5 hours). CONCLUSION: Among adults hospitalized for urinary tract infection in many US locations, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have emerged as a common cause of infection that is often not initially treated with an in vitro-active antibiotic.
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