BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 has triggered a pandemic that is now claiming many lives. Several studies have investigated cellular immune responses in COVID-19-infected patients during disease but little is known regarding a possible protracted impact of COVID-19 on the adaptive and innate immune system in COVID-19 convalescent patients. METHODS: We used multiparametric flow cytometry to analyze whole peripheral blood samples and determined SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels against the S-protein, its RBD-subunit, and viral nucleocapsid in a cohort of COVID-19 convalescent patients who had mild disease ~10 weeks after infection (n = 109) and healthy control subjects (n = 98). Furthermore, we correlated immunological changes with clinical and demographic parameters. RESULTS: Even ten weeks after disease COVID-19 convalescent patients had fewer neutrophils, while their cytotoxic CD8+ T cells were activated, reflected as higher HLA-DR and CD38 expression. Multiparametric regression analyses showed that in COVID-19-infected patients both CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD8+ effector memory cells were higher, while CD25+ Foxp3+ T regulatory cells were lower. In addition, both transitional B cell and plasmablast levels were significantly elevated in COVID-19-infected patients. Fever (duration, level) correlated with numbers of central memory CD4+ T cells and anti-S and anti-RBD, but not anti-NC antibody levels. Moreover, a "young immunological age" as determined by numbers of CD3+ CD45RA+ CD62L+ CD31+ recent thymic emigrants was associated with a loss of sense of taste and/or smell. CONCLUSION: Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection leaves protracted beneficial (ie, activation of T cells) and potentially harmful (ie, reduction of neutrophils) imprints in the cellular immune system in addition to induction of specific antibody responses.
BACKGROUND:SARS-CoV-2 has triggered a pandemic that is now claiming many lives. Several studies have investigated cellular immune responses in COVID-19-infectedpatients during disease but little is known regarding a possible protracted impact of COVID-19 on the adaptive and innate immune system in COVID-19 convalescent patients. METHODS: We used multiparametric flow cytometry to analyze whole peripheral blood samples and determined SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels against the S-protein, its RBD-subunit, and viral nucleocapsid in a cohort of COVID-19 convalescent patients who had mild disease ~10 weeks after infection (n = 109) and healthy control subjects (n = 98). Furthermore, we correlated immunological changes with clinical and demographic parameters. RESULTS: Even ten weeks after disease COVID-19 convalescent patients had fewer neutrophils, while their cytotoxic CD8+ T cells were activated, reflected as higher HLA-DR and CD38 expression. Multiparametric regression analyses showed that in COVID-19-infectedpatients both CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD8+ effector memory cells were higher, while CD25+ Foxp3+ T regulatory cells were lower. In addition, both transitional B cell and plasmablast levels were significantly elevated in COVID-19-infectedpatients. Fever (duration, level) correlated with numbers of central memory CD4+ T cells and anti-S and anti-RBD, but not anti-NC antibody levels. Moreover, a "young immunological age" as determined by numbers of CD3+ CD45RA+ CD62L+ CD31+ recent thymic emigrants was associated with a loss of sense of taste and/or smell. CONCLUSION: Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection leaves protracted beneficial (ie, activation of T cells) and potentially harmful (ie, reduction of neutrophils) imprints in the cellular immune system in addition to induction of specific antibody responses.
Authors: Clara Di Vito; Francesca Calcaterra; Nicolò Coianiz; Sara Terzoli; Antonio Voza; Joanna Mikulak; Silvia Della Bella; Domenico Mavilio Journal: Front Immunol Date: 2022-06-30 Impact factor: 8.786
Authors: Milena Wiech; Piotr Chroscicki; Julian Swatler; Dawid Stepnik; Sara De Biasi; Michal Hampel; Marta Brewinska-Olchowik; Anna Maliszewska; Katarzyna Sklinda; Marek Durlik; Waldemar Wierzba; Andrea Cossarizza; Katarzyna Piwocka Journal: Front Immunol Date: 2022-06-10 Impact factor: 8.786
Authors: Sigurd F Lax; Kristijan Skok; Peter M Zechner; Lisa Setaffy; Harald H Kessler; Norbert Kaufmann; Klaus Vander; Natalija Cokić; Urša Maierhofer; Ute Bargfrieder; Michael Trauner Journal: Pathologe Date: 2021-02-11 Impact factor: 1.011
Authors: Feargal J Ryan; Christopher M Hope; Makutiro G Masavuli; Miriam A Lynn; Simon C Barry; Branka Grubor-Bauk; David J Lynn; Zelalem A Mekonnen; Arthur Eng Lip Yeow; Pablo Garcia-Valtanen; Zahraa Al-Delfi; Jason Gummow; Catherine Ferguson; Stephanie O'Connor; Benjamin A J Reddi; Pravin Hissaria; David Shaw; Chuan Kok-Lim; Jonathan M Gleadle; Michael R Beard Journal: BMC Med Date: 2022-01-14 Impact factor: 8.775
Authors: Deni Ramljak; Martina Vukoja; Marina Curlin; Katarina Vukojevic; Maja Barbaric; Una Glamoclija; Bejana Purisevic; Olivera Peric; Violeta Soljic Journal: J Pers Med Date: 2021-12-03