Bioinspired stratified electrowritten fiber-reinforced hydrogel constructs with layer-specific induction capacity for functional osteochondral regeneration.

Despite significant advances in osteochondral tissue engineering, it remains challenging to successfully reconstruct native-like complex tissues organized in three-dimension with spatially varying compositional, structural and functional properties. In this contribution, inspired by the gradients in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and collagen fiber architecture in native osteochondral tissue, we designed and fabricated a tri-layered (superficial cartilage (S), deep cartilage (D) and subchondral bone (B) layer) stratified scaffold in which a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-laden gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA) hydrogel with zone-specific growth factor delivery was combined with melt electrowritten triblock polymer of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PCEC) networks with depth-dependent fiber organization. Introducing PCEC fibers into the weak GelMA hydrogel contributed to a significant increase in mechanical strength. In vitro biological experiments indicated that the stratified fiber-reinforced and growth factor-loaded hydrogel construct induced the MSCs to differentiate down both the chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages and that the engineered complex exhibited cellular phenotype and matrix accumulation profiles resembling those of the native tissue. Simultaneous cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration were achieved in vivo by using the tri-layered integrated scaffold. More importantly, the inclusion of the S layer could impart the regenerated cartilage with a more lubricating and wear-resistant surface. These findings suggest that the bioinspired construct mimicking the spatial variations of native osteochondral tissue might serve as a promising candidate to enhance osteochondral regeneration.