Literature DB >> 33113606

[Clinical study of anti-human T cell porcine immunoglobulin with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α receptor II: IgG Fc in the treatment of 35 cases of grade III/IV acute graft-versus-host disease after allo-HSCT].

D Y Liu1, S Yan1, D D Ma1, C Zhang1, K B Fu1, X M Liu1, X H Liu1, Y Wang1, X Q Li1, J Q Zhang1, Y Y Xiu1, X J Peng1.   

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-human T lymphocyte porcine immunoglobulin (P-ATG) with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α receptor Ⅱ:IgG Fc fusion protein (rhTNFR∶Fc, Etanercept) on grade Ⅲ/Ⅳ acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) .
Methods: Thirty-five patients with Grade Ⅲ/Ⅳ aGVHD who received P-ATG with etanercept therapy after allo-HSCT were retrospectively analyzed. P-ATGs (5 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) were administrated for 3 to 5 days, and then 5mg/kg was sequentially administrated, QOD to BIW. Etanercepts were administrated 25 mg, twice a week (12.5 mg, BIW for pediatric patients) .
Results: Among the 35 patients with grade Ⅲ/Ⅳ aGVHD, 21 were males and 14 females, with a median age of 10 (3-54) years. A total of 19 cases of acute myeloid leukemia, 13 of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 1 of severe aplastic anemia, 1 of myelodysplastic syndrome, and 1 of mixed phenotypic acute leukemia were noted. The overall response (OR) rate of P-ATG with etanercept was 85.7% (30/35) , with complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) rates of 34.3% (12/35) and 51.4% (18/35) , respectively, on day 28. The OR rate of grade Ⅲ aGVHD group was higher than of grade IV aGVHD group [100% (19/19) vs. 68.8% (11/16) , P=0.004]. On day 56, the OR rate became 77.2% (27/35) , with CR and PR rates of 62.9% (22/35) and 14.3% (5/35) , respectively. The OR rate of grade Ⅲ aGVHD group was also higher than of grade Ⅳ aGVHD group [89.5% (17/19) vs. 62.5% (10/16) , P=0.009]. Thirty-five patients had no adverse effects such as fever, chills, and rash during the P-ATG infusion, and no obvious liver and kidney function damage was observed after treatment. The main treatment-related complication was infection. The reactivation rates of CMV and EBV were 77.1% (27/35) and 22.9% (8/35) , respectively, and the bacterial infection rate was 48.6% (17/35) . With a median follow-up time of 13 (1-55) months after HSCT, the 1-year and 2-year OS rates were (68.1±8.0) % and (64.3±8.4) % , respectively. The 1-year OS rate of grade Ⅲ aGVHD group was superior to grade Ⅳ aGVHD group [ (84.2±8.4) % vs. (47.6±13.1) % , χ(2)=3.38, P=0.05].
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that P-ATG with etanercept was effective and safe in treating grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ aGVHD after allo-HSCT.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Anti-human T cell porcine immunoglobulin; Graft versus host disease; Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α receptorⅡ: IgG Fc

Mesh:

Substances:

Year:  2020        PMID: 33113606      PMCID: PMC7595858          DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.09.007

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi        ISSN: 0253-2727


急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)是影响异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)患者长期生存最重要的并发症,发生率为30%~50%,Ⅲ/Ⅳ度aGVHD发生率为5%~36%[1]–[5]。受累靶器官广泛且组织损伤程度重,约35~50%的患者对大剂量糖皮质激素一线治疗耐药,Ⅲ/Ⅳ度aGVHD尚缺乏指南性的二线方案[6]。虽然各种新开发的细胞因子类抗体、靶向药物、细胞治疗等提高了重度aGVHD治疗的反应率,但长期随访的生存率低于30%[7]–[9]。我们采用抗人T细胞猪免疫球蛋白(P-ATG)联合重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白(商品名益赛普)治疗35例Ⅲ/Ⅳ度aGVHD患者,获得了较好的疗效。

病例与方法

1. 病例:回顾性分析我院2015年11月12日至2020年4月30日期间接受P-ATG联合益赛普治疗的35例allo-HSCT后Ⅲ/Ⅳ度aGVHD患者。其中男21例,女14例,<16岁26例,≥16岁9例,中位年龄10(3~54)岁。原发疾病:急性髓系白血病(AML)19例,急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)13例,重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)、骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)、混合表型急性白血病(MPAL)各1例。急性白血病患者移植前疾病状态:第1次完全缓解(CR1)22例,CR2 7例,疾病进展4例。移植详细资料见表1。
表1

35例Ⅲ/Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)患者的基本特征

病例特征例数
供者类型
 同胞全相合1
 单倍型34
供受者性别
 性别相合17
 性别不合18
供、患者血型
 相合18
 主要不合8
 次要不合6
 主次均不合3
预处理方案
 TBI/Cy为主11
 Bu/Cy为主23
 半量Bu+FAC1
急性GVHD预防
 CsA+MMF+短疗程MTX34
 CsA+MMF1
预处理ATG类型
 兔抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白27
 抗人T细胞兔免疫球蛋白7
 抗人T细胞猪免疫球蛋白1

注:TBI:全身照射;Cy:环磷酰胺;Bu:白消安;FAC:氟达拉滨+抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)+环磷酰胺;CsA:环孢素A:MMF:霉酚酸酯;MTX:甲氨蝶呤

注:TBI:全身照射;Cy:环磷酰胺;Bu:白消安;FAC:氟达拉滨+抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)+环磷酰胺;CsA:环孢素A:MMF:霉酚酸酯;MTX:甲氨蝶呤 2. 移植类型及预处理方案:35例患者中34例(97%)为单倍型造血干细胞移植,1例为同胞全相合造血干细胞移植。SAA单倍型移植预处理方案:半量白消安+氟达拉滨+环磷酰胺+抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)。白血病预处理方案:阿糖胞苷+全身照射(TBI)+环磷酰胺+ATG+司莫司汀(Me-CCNU)或阿糖胞苷+白消安+环磷酰胺+ATG+司莫司汀,进展期病例加用氟达拉滨/地西他滨/克拉曲滨/伊达吡星。ATG总量:兔抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白(即复宁)7.5~10 mg/kg,抗人T细胞兔免疫球蛋白(ATG-F)20 mg/kg,P-ATG 120 mg/kg,均于−5~−2 d分次给药。 3. 移植物:移植物均为G-CSF动员的骨髓联合外周血造血干细胞(骨髓回输后第1天输注外周血干细胞)。单倍型移植患者于骨髓回输后第2天加用第三方细胞(非血缘脐血有核细胞数1×107/kg或单倍体相合骨髓1 ml/kg)输注及诱导免疫耐受。 4. 诊断标准:aGVHD的诊断及分度依据Glucksberg1994标准[10]。纤维结肠镜病理诊断依据Freiburg标准[11]。慢性GVHD诊断依据参照NIH标准[12]。 5. aGVHD治疗方案:所有病例确诊aGVHD后,在常规应用环孢素A或他克莫司、霉酚酸酯(MMF)基础上,予甲泼尼龙2 mg·kg−1·d−1。治疗3~7 d仍持续进展或无改善,加用益赛普25 mg每周2次(儿童剂量减半)和(或)巴利昔单抗(20 mg,第1、4、8、15天,儿童剂量减半);Ⅲ/Ⅳ度患者给予P-ATG(5 mg·kg−1·d−1×3~5 d,序贯5 mg/kg隔日1次~每周2次)联合益赛普(25 mg每周2次,儿童剂量减半)治疗。抗aGVHD治疗期间,予两性霉素B 0.1~0.2 mg·kg−1·d−1预防真菌感染(如出现肌酐升高,则更换为泊沙康唑或伏立康唑)。予阿昔洛韦预防病毒感染,积极予抑酸、护胃、静脉营养等支持治疗。 6. 疗效判定标准及定义:P-ATG治疗28 d、56 d、进行疗效评估。完全缓解(CR):受累器官无GVHD临床征象;部分缓解(PR):至少1个受累器官aGVHD得到改善,其他受累器官无恶化;未缓解(NR):受累靶器官aGVHD无变化或任一靶器官aGVHD进展。CR、PR定义为有效[13]。 7. 随访:随访资料来自门诊/住院病历及电话随访。随访截止日期为2020年4月30日。总生存(OS)时间定义为造血干细胞回输至随访截止或死亡时间。 8. 统计学处理:采用SPSS19软件进行统计学分析。非计量资料用百分数和率表示。组间总有效率比较采用Mann-Whitney和Kruskal-Wallis检验。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,组间生存率比较采用Log-rank检验。使用Graphpad Prism5.0绘图。

结果

1. aGVHD的发生情况:35例患者aGVHD的中位确诊时间为移植后21(6~110)d,Ⅲ/Ⅳ度aGVHD中位确诊时间为移植后28(17~132)d。Ⅲ度aGVHD 19例,Ⅳ度aGVHD 16例。单个器官受累10例(肠道9例,肝脏1例),2个器官受累15例(皮肤+肝脏1例,皮肤+肠道10例,肝脏+肠道4例),3个器官(皮肤+肝脏+肠道)受累10例。33例(94.3%)患者累及肠道,18例接受纤维结肠镜检查及病理活检,均符合aGVHD诊断,其中1例合并巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染。 2. P-ATG和益赛普剂量:P-ATG联合益赛普应用前,3例患者接受巴利昔单抗20 mg×2~7次治疗,6例患者接受益赛普(25 mg×1~5次)治疗,23例患者接受巴利昔单抗(20 mg×2~7次)联合益赛普(20 mg×2~7次)治疗,因aGVHD持续加重而纳入本研究。P-ATG联合益赛普治疗开始的中位时间为移植后29(17~250)d,P-ATG中位总剂量为70(25~300)mg/kg,益赛普中位总剂量为125(25~825)mg。 3. 疗效:①联合治疗28 d疗效:CR 12例(34.3%),PR 18例(51.4%),总有效率为85.7%(30/35)。Ⅲ度aGVHD组19例,CR10例,PR 9例;Ⅳ度aGVHD组16例,CR 2例,PR 9例,NR 5例。Ⅲ度aGVHD组总有效率高于Ⅳ度aGVHD组[100%(19/19)对68.8%(11/16),P=0.004]。单器官受累、2个器官受累、3个器官受累组的总有效率分别为90%、86.7%、80%(P=0.527)。②联合治疗56 d疗效:CR 22例(62.9%),PR 5例(14.3%),总有效率为77.2%(27/35)。Ⅲ度aGVHD组19例,其中CR16例,PR 1例,NR 2例;Ⅳ度aGVHD组16例,其中CR 6例,PR 4例,NR 6例。Ⅲ度aGVHD组总有效率高于Ⅳ度aGVHD组[89.5%(17/19)对62.5%(10/16),P=0.009]。 4. 生存分析:随访截止日期为2020年4月30日,中位随访时间13(1~55)个月,移植后12个月OS率为(68.1±8.0)%,24个月OS率为(64.3±8.4)%。Ⅲ度aGVHD组移植后1年OS率高于Ⅳ度aGVHD组[(84.2±8.4)%对(47.6±13.1)%,χ2=3.38,P=0.05]。移植后1年cGVHD发生率为(66.8±10.1)%(广泛型7例,局限型10例)。 5. 治疗相关并发症:CMV、EB病毒(EBV)再激活发生率分别为77.1%(27/35)、22.9%(8/35)。CMV肠炎2例,均以更昔洛韦/膦甲酸钠、巨细胞免疫球蛋白、阿昔洛韦治愈。单纯疱疹病毒感染3例。出血性膀胱炎20例,1例儿童患者膀胱造瘘术后死于GVHD进展,19例经减量免疫抑制剂、碱化、水化、膀胱冲洗治愈。肺感染12例,急性胰腺炎2例,急性胆囊炎3例,肠梗阻5例。13例(37.1%)例死亡,死亡原因包括:aGVHD进展4例(其中3例合并血栓性微血管病),感染5例,脑出血1例,胆囊穿刺术后出血1例,心脏性猝死1例,白血病复发1例。

讨论

aGVHD的发生机制主要是患者组织抗原激活的以供者T细胞活化为核心的异源免疫反应,预防和治疗上以体内或体外耗竭T细胞为主[14]。ATG用于治疗aGVHD始于1974年[15]。Martin等[16]对1990年至2011年共计67篇糖皮质激素耐药aGVHD的文献进行分析,结果显示马ATG是应用频率最高的药物。此后多项研究显示,ATG治疗糖皮质激素耐药aGVHD的总有效率为30%~60%,导致死亡的最主要原因是GVHD进展和感染[17]–[20]。2001年Hsu等[21]研究显示,50%的移植中心应用马ATG(总剂量25~180 mg/kg),24%的中心应用兔ATG(4~50 mg/kg),多采用大剂量短期应用方案。Murata等[22]报道了兔ATG(即复宁)治疗99例糖皮质激素耐药aGVHD患者,有效率(CR+PR)为60%,CR+PR组、NR组移植后1年OS率分别为42%、5%。多因素分析显示不同剂量兔ATG组有效率差异无统计学意义,但高剂量与高非复发死亡率相关。不同动物来源ATG均可产生确切的淋巴细胞功能的抑制,但也显著增加了病毒、细菌及真菌感染发生率。于是,开始探索低剂量ATG单药或联合其他细胞因子抗体的应用并取得一定疗效。Tagliabue等[23]应用小剂量ATG治疗儿童Ⅲ/Ⅳ度aGVHD,6例患儿中5例获得CR,1例获得PR。刘静等[24]报道应用小剂量即复宁治疗Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD,6例患者中3例获得CR,1例获得PR。叶昌雄等[25]应用即复宁(总量4~7.5 mg/kg)联合抗CD25单抗治疗10例Ⅲ/Ⅳ度aGVHD,8例获得CR,2例获得PR,5例患者移植后存活超过2年。 P-ATG是国产多克隆抗淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白,治疗SAA的总有效率与兔ATG无明显差别,且不良反应及感染风险较低[26]–[27]。张湘兰[28]研究发现,SAA患者应用P-ATG联合免疫抑制剂治疗后,血清IL-2、IL-6、TNFα、INFγ、TGFβ1、IL-17水平均较治疗前显著下降。张晓辉等[29]研究显示,P-ATG在人体内维持有效血药浓度至少60 d。兔ATG在人体内有效血药浓度至少维持90 d[30]。杨楠等发现在SAA免疫抑制治疗(IST)中,兔ATG较P-ATG对淋巴细胞的清除程度更深、抑制时间更持久[31]。基于上述原因我们认为,与兔ATG相比,小剂量P-ATG治疗aGVHD可能具有更高的有效率和较低的机会性感染发生风险。考虑aGVHD靶器官组织及功能损害阶段以肿瘤坏死因子介导为主,我们采用小剂量P-ATG联合益赛普治疗35例Ⅲ/Ⅳ度aGVHD,治疗28 d的CR率为34.3%,但治疗进行至56 d时CR率达到62.9%,Ⅲ度aGVHD组总有效率及OS率均优于Ⅳ度aGVHD组。 重度aGVHD的低反应率及组织修复缓慢,原因可能包括:糖皮质激素耐药或抵抗,钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(CNI)不耐受或中断,机会性感染,消化道出血、梗阻和极度营养缺乏等。为减低感染风险,我们采取了以下措施:①判定糖皮质激素耐药后快速减停(每3~5 d减量0.2 mg·kg−1·d−1;②低剂量两性霉素B(0.1~0.2 mg·kg−1·d−1)预防真菌感染,既能减少与CNI的相互作用,又有效降低了真菌感染风险。低剂量两性霉素B预防真菌可以追溯到20世纪90年代,Perfect等[32]报道预防性低剂量两性霉素B(0.1 mg·kg−1·d−1)可有效减少口咽部酵母菌定植、降低真菌感染发生率。后续研究显示,在HSCT患者真菌预防中,0.2 mg·kg−1·d−1两性霉素B和氟康唑具有同样效果,但两性霉素B不良反应较为显著[33]–[34]。而脂质体两性霉素B具有较低的肾毒性,2020年Mendoza-Palomar等[35]将低剂量脂质体二性霉素B(1 mg·kg−1·d−1)用于儿童HSCT,真菌突破感染率为7.7%,不良反应均为1级。③通过监测血浆sCD25、TNFα、IL-6、IL-10等细胞因子水平,对P-ATG和益赛普序贯治疗进行调整。经过上述多项措施,本组患者移植后24个月OS率为(64.3±8.4)%,移植后1年广泛型cGVHD发生率为(41.2±13.7)%,或许得益于ATG相对持久的免疫抑制效应。 本研究结果初步显示,P-ATG联合重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白治疗allo-HSCT后Ⅲ/Ⅳ度aGVHD有较好的疗效和安全性。
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7.  Prospective evaluation of 2 acute graft-versus-host (GVHD) grading systems: a joint Société Française de Greffe de Moëlle et Thérapie Cellulaire (SFGM-TC), Dana Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), and International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR) prospective study.

Authors:  Jean-Yves Cahn; John P Klein; Stephanie J Lee; Noël Milpied; Didier Blaise; Joseph H Antin; Véronique Leblond; Norbert Ifrah; Jean-Pierre Jouet; Fausto Loberiza; Olle Ringden; A John Barrett; Mary M Horowitz; Gérard Socié
Journal:  Blood       Date:  2005-05-05       Impact factor: 22.113

8.  Randomized trial of fluconazole versus low-dose amphotericin B in prophylaxis against fungal infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Authors:  L P Koh; A Kurup; Y T Goh; S M C Fook-Chong; P H C Tan
Journal:  Am J Hematol       Date:  2002-12       Impact factor: 10.047

9.  [Anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody with antithymocytic globulin for steroid-resistant severe acute graft-versus-host disease after unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation].

Authors:  Chang-xiong Ye; Jing Sun; Qi-fa Liu; Hong Qu; Dan Xu; Yu Zhang; Fan-yi Meng
Journal:  Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao       Date:  2008-12

10.  High incidence of severe acute graft-versus-host disease with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in a large cohort of related and unrelated allogeneic transplantation patients.

Authors:  Zaid Al-Kadhimi; Zartash Gul; Wei Chen; Daryn Smith; Muneer Abidi; Abhinav Deol; Lois Ayash; Lawrence Lum; Edmund K Waller; Voravit Ratanatharathorn; Joseph Uberti
Journal:  Biol Blood Marrow Transplant       Date:  2014-04-04       Impact factor: 5.742

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