Protocol for Differentiation of Human iPSCs into Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells.

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are sensory cells within the lung airway epithelia. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for generating induced PNECs (iPNECs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The cellular and molecular profile of iPNECs resembles primary human PNECs. Primary human PNECs are exceedingly rare, comprising only 1% of the adult lung. Therefore, a self-renewing source of patient-specific iPNECs facilitates the creation of reproducible human cellular models to study lung diseases characterized by PNEC dysfunction. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Hor et al. (2020).

Before You Begin

General Laboratory Preparations

Timing: 60–120 min

Prepare all stock solutions.

Prepare media.

Set water bath to 37oC.

Warm media to 37oC.

All procedures are performed in a Class II biological hood with standard aseptic technique and cells are cultured in a humidified 37oC incubator with 5% CO2.

Key Resources Table

General laboratory consumables like serological pipettes (1 mL, 5 mL, 10 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL), p10, p20, p200 and p1000 pipet tips, aspirating pipettes, centrifuge tubes (15 mL, 50 mL), and hemocytometer (for cell counting) are also required.

Materials and Equipment

Growth Factor/Cytokine Stock Solutions

Reconstitute growth factors as per the manufacturer's recommendations and aliquot for storage.

CRITICAL: Prepare 50 μL aliquots of the stock solutions and store them at −80°C for up to 6 months. Working stocks can be stored at −20°C for a 1–2 weeks. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles of the stock solutions.

CRITICAL: Prepare 50 μL aliquots of the stock solutions and store them at −80°C for up to 6 months. Working stocks can be stored at −20°C for a 1–2 weeks. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles of the stock solutions.

Use the 50 mM stock to further dilute 1:100 to obtain 500 μM stock solution.

CRITICAL: Prepare 100 μL aliquots of the stock solutions and store at −20°C for up to 1 year.

CRITICAL: Prepare 50 μL aliquots of the stock solutions and store at −80°C for up to 6 months. Working stocks can be stored at −20°C for a 1–2 weeks. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles of the stock solutions.

CRITICAL: Prepare 10 μL aliquots of the stock solutions and store at −80°C for up to 6 months. Working stocks can be stored at −20°C for a 1–2 weeks. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles of the stock solutions.

CRITICAL: Prepare 50 μL aliquots of the stock solutions and store at −80°C for up to 6 months. Working stocks can be stored at −20°C for a 1–2 weeks. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles of the stock solutions.

CRITICAL: Prepare 50 μL aliquots of the stock solutions and store at −80°C for up to 6 months. Working stocks can be stored at −20°C for a 1–2 weeks. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles of the stock solutions.

CRITICAL: Prepare 50 μL aliquots of the stock solutions and store at −80°C for up to 6 months. Working stocks can be stored at −20°C for a 1–2 weeks. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles of the stock solutions.

CRITICAL: Do not store this solution. Prepare fresh stock solution for every use.

CRITICAL: Prepare 10 μL aliquots of the stock solutions and store at −80°C for up to 2 years. Working stocks can be stored at −20°C for a 1–2 weeks.

CRITICAL: Prepare 100 μL aliquots of the stock solutions and store at −20°C for up to 2 years. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles of the stock solutions.

Prepare 250 μL aliquots and preserve at −20°C for up to 6 months.

Prepare 50 μL aliquots and store at −20°C for up to 1 year.

Prepare 1 mL aliquots and store at −20°C for up to 1 year.

CRITICAL: First, dissolve the hydrocortisone at 1 mg/mL in absolute EtOH and then add 12.8 mL H2O.

Filter the solution using a 0.45 μm-pore filter. Prepare 1 mL aliquots and store at −20°C for up to 6 months.

Insulin Stock Solution

Prepare 100-μL aliquots of the commercial Insulin solution (10.2mg/mL, check lot concentration) and freeze them at −20°C for up to 1 year.

Prepare 50 μL aliquots and store at −20°C for up to 1 year.

Prepare 1 mL aliquots and store at −80°C for up to 1 year.

When preparing Media G further dilute this stock at 1:1,000 dilution with water to prepare a 100 μM stock for ease of media preparation.

Prepare 100 μL aliquots and store at −20°C for up to 1 year.

Prepare 50 μL aliquots and store at −20°C for up to 1 year.

This should be prepared immediately before coating the Transwells and kept on ice throughout the preparation.

Differentiation Media Compositions

Filter the solution using vacuum filter units. This medium can be prepared and stored at 4°C for 1 week. Pre-warm only the volume needed for that day in a water bath at 37°C before adding to cells.

This media composition is based on previously published endoderm-derivation protocols (Longmire et al., 2012; Gouon-Evans et al., 2006).

This may be substituted for any suitable iPSC maintenance media however only mTeSR1 was validated in this protocol.

Make fresh for every use and filter through a 0.45 μm pore filter.

Make fresh for every use and filter through a 0.45 μm pore filter.

Make fresh for every use and filter through a 0.45 μm pore filter.

Make fresh for every use and filter through a 0.45 μm pore filter.

Medium G

This medium can be prepared for the week and stored at 4°C. Filter through a 0.45 μm pore filter. Pre-warm only the volume needed for cell culture on a daily basis. This media can be prepared in a larger batch, aliquoted, protected from light and stored at −20°C for up to 6 months.

This media composition is based on previously published protocol to culture human bronchial epithelial cells (Neuberger et al., 2011).

Step-by-Step Method Details

Preparation of iPSC for Differentiation

Timing: 2–4 days

Coating plates for iPSC culture.

Before you begin thaw Geltrex™ matrix in a refrigerator for 16–20 h at 2 to 8°C and carefully pipet up and down to avoid introducing air bubbles. It is best to aliquot and work with small volumes of Geltrex™ matrix solution to avoid multiple freeze/thaw cycles.

Dilute Geltrex™ matrix at 1:100 in pre-chilled (4°C) DMEM/F-12 (for example: 1 mL Geltrex™ matrix in 99 mL DMEM/F-12).

Add sufficient diluted Geltrex™ matrix solution to cover the entire growth surface area. For example, add 2 mL per one well of a 6-well plate.

Incubate the coated plates at 37°C for a minimum of 60 min.

The coated dish is stable for two weeks when wrapped with parafilm and stored at 4°C.

CRITICAL: Do not allow the coated surface to dry out. Add enough media (1.5–2 mL volume for 1 well of a 6 well-plate) to avoid drying. Keep Geltrex on ice throughout all aliquotting and plating steps to prevent premature gelling

At the time of use, we recommend keeping the plates at room temperature (20–25°C) for 1 h before aspirating. Carefully aspirate off the supernatant above the Geltrex™ matrix coating, then immediately plate cells in the pre-equilibrated cell culture medium.

Expansion of iPSCs.

iPSCs are maintained in mTeSR1 medium in 6-well tissue culture-treated plates on Geltrex™ matrix.

iPSCs are split routinely at 1:3 or 1:4 when cells have formed tight colonies and are no more than 70% confluent (generally every 4–5 days).

To split iPSCs, aspirate media, and add 1 mL ReLeSR™ for 30 s. Remove ReLeSR™ and incubate at 37oC for 5 min. Add 2 mL mTESR1 media and tap the dish gently to release the iPSC colonies as cell aggregates.

Incubation time for ReLeSR™ depends on the individual iPSC line and should be optimized to ensure selective detachment of undifferentiated iPSC colonies only.

Replate the aggregates in 2 mL fresh mTESR1 per well in a new Geltrex™-coated well of a 6- well plate.

1 well of iPSC colonies was split at a 1:3 or 1:4 ratio for routine maintenance.

Timing: 2 h

Preparation of Transwells for Differentiation

The day prior to preparing cells for differentiation, prepare extracellular matrix (ECM) to coat the Transwells in PBS on ice. This is comprised of fibronectin (5 μg/mL), laminin (5 μg/mL), and collagen IV (60 μg/mL).

Add 150 μL of ECM solution to the apical side of each Transwell filter.

Incubate the ECM-coated Transwell filters at room temperature (20–25°C) for 16–20 h inside the cell culture hood.

After a minimum of 16 h, aspirate the ECM solution and gently wash twice with 1× PBS followed by a single wash with autoclaved Milli-Q water.

Transwells can be stored at this point at room temperature (20–25°C) or 4°C, sealed with parafilm, for up to a week.

CRITICAL: The quality of coating is a major factor for successful cell adherence to the membrane. Sub-optimal coating can lead to cells peeling off at early stages of differentiation.

Timing: 2 h

Plate cells for differentiation

Remove mTeSR from the iPSC colonies.

Wash the cells gently with PBS. Aspirate the PBS.

Add 500 μL of room temperature (20–25°C) Accutase.

Incubate at 37°C for 2–3 min (max).

Collect cells by gently dissociating with a 5 mL pipette into a 15 mL Falcon tube and centrifuge at 180 × g (1,000 rpm) for 5 min.

Resuspend in mTeSR1 containing 10 μM ROCK inhibitor and count the cells (1 μL per 4 mL mTESR1)

Prepare Transwells by adding mTeSR1 containing ROCK inhibitor to the desired number of wells. For 24 well inserts use 350 μL in the bottom chamber and 150 μL in the Transwell.

Count cells and add 150K live cells to each 6.5 mm Transwell.

Incubate at 37°C for 20–24 h.

Differentiation to Definitive Endoderm (DE)

Timing: 5 days

CRITICAL: Cells must be a minimum of 80% confluent before adding Medium B. If the cells are plated sparsely or are too confluent at the beginning of day 1 media change then differentiation efficiency is severely affected. Figure 1 provides an example of the ideal plating density required to move forward (Figure 1). See Troubleshooting 1.

Figure 1

Effect of Plating Density on Differentiation Efficiency

(A–C) Efficiency of definitive endoderm (DE) derivation at day 5 varies based on iPSC confluency before starting the differentiation. Representative immunofluorescence (IF) images of cells show expression of FOXA2 (green) and SOX17 (red). Nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue). Differentiation started with too few cells (<70% confluency) or too many cells results in poor (A) or low (B) DE differentiation. Differentiation started with optimal plating density of 70%–80% confluency at the time of starting the experiment results in best DE differentiation (C). Scale bars, 200 μm.

Prepare Medium B by adding Wnt-3a (25ng/mL) and Activin A (100 ng/mL) to pre-warmed RPMI medium.

Remove and replace the mTeSR1 medium from the basal side of the Transwells with 350 μL of Medium B.

CRITICAL: Avoid disrupting the cells on the insert by using a 200 μL pipette to aspirate the media very gently.

Carefully aspirate mTesR1 medium from the apical side of the Transwells and add 150 μL of Medium B into each 6.5 mm Transwell.

CRITICAL: It is essential to add and remove media gently and not to touch/disturb the cells.

CRITICAL: Add media to the edge of the Transwell.

Incubate at 37°C for 24h.

Prepare Medium C by adding FBS (1%) and Activin A (100 ng/mL) to pre-warmed RPMI medium.

Remove and replace the Medium B from the basal side of the Transwells with 350 μL of Medium C.

Carefully aspirate Medium B from the apical side of the Transwells and add 150 μL of Medium C into each 6.5 mm Transwells.

Incubate at 37°C for 48h.

CRITICAL: Significant cell death can be observed during days 1–3. To move to day 4 cells should be near 100% confluent. Observe closely on a microscope and only proceed if cells are >80% confluent. See Troubleshooting 2.

Prepare Medium D by adding FBS (2%), SB431524 (500 nM) and Noggin (20 ng/mL) to prewarmed cSFDM medium.

Remove and replace the Medium C from the basal side of the Transwells with 350 μL of Medium D.

Carefully aspirate Medium C from the apical side of the Transwells and add 150 μL of Medium D into each 6.5 mm Transwells.

Incubate at 37°C for 24h.

Take 1 well of cell culture to assay for definitive endoderm (DE) markers like FOXA2 and SOX17 with immunofluorescence.

Immunofluorescence Validation of DE

Timing: 2–3 days

Fix Transwells in 4% (vol/vol) paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 1 h at 4°C.

Wash 3× with PBS.

Permeabilize in 0.5% Triton X-100 for 1 h at 4oC.

Block for 1 h with commercial CAS block.

Incubate in primary antibody (See Table 1) diluted in CAS block at the required dilution (provided in Key Resources Table) at 4°C for 16–20 h.

Table 1

Markers for Characterizing Different Stages of Human iPNEC Differentiation

Cell types	Markers	Assays
Definitive endoderm (DE)	FOXA2, SOX17 (CXCR4)	Immunofluorescence
Anterior foregut endoderm (AFE)	FOXA2, SOX17	Immunofluorescence
Lung progenitors	NKX2.1 (lung endoderm marker), ZO1 (tight junction marker), EPCAM (epithelial marker)	Immunofluorescence
Induced PNECs (iPNECs)	SYP, PGP9.5, ENO2, CHGA, ROBO2	Immunofluorescence, qPCR

Wash 3× in 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS.

Incubate for 1 h in secondary antibodies diluted in CAS block at 1:500 dilution.

Wash 3× in 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS.

Add DAPI (1 μg/mL) and incubate for 5 min.

Wash 3× with PBS.

Mount on glass microscope slides in Immunomount.

Transwells can be washed after secondary antibody incubation and directly mounted on the glass microscope slide using Vectashield with DAPI.

By day 5 of differentiation >85% of the cells must express FOXA2+ and SOX17+ endoderm (Figure 1C).

CRITICAL: Cultures with poor DE conversion showing <50% FOXA2+ and SOX17+ cells will have higher heterogeneity as the differentiation proceeds, affecting the ratio of different airway cell types present in the cultures at later stages. Discontinue these cultures as subsequent differentiation will be inadequate.

Differentiation to AFE

Timing: 4 days

Prepare Medium E by adding FBS (2%), SB431524 (500 nM) and BMP-4 (5 ng/mL) to pre-warmed cSFDM medium.

Remove and replace the Medium D from the basal side of the Transwells with 350 μL of Medium E.

Carefully aspirate Medium D from the apical side of the Transwells and add 150 μL of Medium E into each 6.5 mm Transwell.

Incubate at 37°C for 48h.

Repeat steps 30–32 until day 9.

Incubate at 37°C for 48h.

Take 1 well of cell culture and assay for continued presence of FOXA2 and SOX17 with immunofluorescence (See Table 1) (protocol described in step 18).

By day 9 of differentiation >85% of the cultures should express FOXA2+ and SOX17+ endoderm.

CRITICAL: Cultures with poor AFE conversion showing <50% FOXA2+ and SOX17+ will have higher heterogeneity as the differentiation proceeds affecting the ratio of different airway cell types present in the cultures at later stages. Discontinue these cultures as subsequent differentiation will be inadequate.

Differentiation toward NKX2.1+ Lung Progenitors (LP)

Timing: 8 days

Medium F can be prepared for up to 5 days, but needs to be stored at 4°C, and only the volume needed for that day should be pre-warmed at a time.

Prepare Medium F by adding FBS (2%), BMP-4 (5 ng/mL), FGF-2 (10 ng/mL), FGF-10 (10 ng/mL) and KGF (10 ng/mL) to cSFDM medium.

Aspirate and replace the Medium E from the basal side of the Transwells with 350 μL of Medium F.

Carefully aspirate Medium E from the apical side of the Transwells and add 150 μL of Medium F into each 6.5 mm Transwell.

Incubate at 37°C for 48h.

Remove and Replace Medium F (350 μL in basal chamber, 150 μL in apical chamber).

Incubate at 37°C for 48h.

Repeat steps 40–41 until day 17.

Take 1 well of cell culture and assay for LP markers (See Table 1) including NKX2.1, SOX2 and SOX9 with immunofluorescence (protocol described in step 18).

By day 17 cultures should contain a population of NKX2.1+, SOX2+ and SOX9+ lung progenitors. Appearance of tight junction protein ZO1 shows the formation of an epithelium with tight junctions (Figure 2).

Figure 2

Generation of Lung Progenitors during iPNEC Differentiation from Human iPSCs

(A–D) Cultures stained for (A) lung endoderm marker NKX2.1 (green), (B) distal progenitor marker SOX9 (green), (C) proximal airway progenitor marker SOX2 (green) and (D) tight junction marker ZO1 (green) at day 17 of differentiation. Nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars, 200 μm.

Differentiation and Maturation of PNEC at Air-Liquid Interface (ALI)

Timing: 14–75 days

The end point depends on the experiments to be performed. We have maintained cultures for up to 75 days after transfer to the ALI (day 91).

Medium G can be prepared in advance and frozen (−80°C) in aliquots for use up to 2–3 months, once thawed needs to be stored at 4°C, and only the volume needed for that day should be pre-warmed at a time.

Prepare Medium G complete with 10 μM DAPT.

DAPT should be added to Medium G on day of use only.

Aspirate and replace Medium F from the basal side of the cultures and add 350 μL of Medium G.

Aspirate Medium F from the apical side of the cultures.

CRITICAL: avoid disrupting the epithelium by using mechanical suction to aspirate the media. Use a 200 μL pipette tip to do it manually.

Gently wash the apical side with 100 μL PBS and aspirate.

Incubate at 37°C for 48h.

Aspirate and replace Medium G from the basal side of the cultures.

Incubate at 37°C for 48h.

Repeat steps 49–50 for as long as the cultures need to be maintained.

Quality Control Analysis of iPNECs

Timing: 3–5 days

Analyzing mRNA expression changes using Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR)

Take 1 well of cell culture from each of these time points at days 5, 10, 13, 17, 21, 25 and 31 for checking the mRNA expression levels of different PNEC markers (See Table 1) during differentiation by performing a qRT-PCR.

Quantitative RT-PCR protocol: Isolate total RNA using the Qiagen RNA Easy Mini Kit as per the manufacturer’s protocol.

Aliquot 500 ng of RNA and proceed to DNase-treatment as per the manufacturer’s protocol.

Use the DNase-treated RNA aliquot to prepare cDNA using a Protoscript first strand synthesis kit.

Set up 5 μL qRT-PCR reactions with SYBR Green using the following cycling parameters.

qRT-PCR is conducted and analyzed using 7900HT SDS v2.1 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Each run consists of a triplicate of technical repeats per sample/gene. Beta-actin was used as an internal control.

Data shown in Figures 3D, 5A, S2D-G of Hor et al., (2020).

Day 0 iPSCs express OCT4, NANOG and SOX2 genes. They should be expressed highly at day 0 and by DE stage (day 4–5) should be significantly lower.

IF Analysis of PNEC Markers

Timing: 2–3 days

Take 1 wells of cell culture at days 31, 60 and 91 for immunofluorescence staining (protocol described in step 18). Stain for all the PNEC markers (See Table 1) – SYP, CHGA, ROBO2, PGP9.5 and ENO2. Co-staining with VIM (vimentin, a mesenchymal marker) and EPCAM (epithelial marker) is recommended to characterize iPNECs.

iPNECs should stain for SYP, CHGA, ROBO2, PGP9.5 and ENO2 and should not co-localize with VIM and EPCAM.

All mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) percentage quantifications and Sholl analysis measurements of number of intersections and branching density of iPNECs can be performed using ImageJ.

Data shown in Figures 1A, 1B, 2, 3, S1A-B, S2A-B, S4 of Hor et al. (2020).

Analyzing Neuropeptide Secretion

Timing: 1–2 days

Collect media from the basal chamber of the Transwells of day 91 cultures to perform enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in order to measure secreted levels of neuron-specific enolase (ENO2). Follow the manufacturer’s instructions to perform ELISA using Human Enolase 2/Neuron-specific Enolase Quantikine ELISA Kit (R&D systems).

Data shown in Figures 5B of Hor et al. (2020).

Expected Outcomes

This protocol describes the generation of iPNECs that have potential utility in modeling lung disorders characterized by PNEC dysfunction. The first stage of differentiation towards DE is initiated by supplementing RPMI media with Activin A (days 1–3) along with rhWnt-3a protein (day 1). These conditions promote the exit from the pluripotency state and progression towards DE. This is indicated by cells undergoing an epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT), down-regulation of pluripotency markers (OCT4, NANOG, SOX2) and the transient upregulation of pan-endodermal markers such as FOXA2 and SOX17. At day 4, a combination of Noggin and SB141524 successfully inhibits BMP and TGF-β signaling pathways, respectively, pushing cells toward AFE from DE. From day 9 onwards, a cocktail of FGFs and BMP4 ensures patterning of lung endoderm from AFE, thereby increasing NKX2.1 expression during anteriorization. It is critical that the NKX2.1+ primed airway epithelial progenitors induced by day 17 are maintained at an air liquid interface (ALI) in Media G on the basolateral side of the Transwell filters (Neuberger et al., 2011) for the differentiation of iPNECs. This method, adapted from human primary bronchial epithelial cells in vitro culture technique, essentially reflects a mature lung epithelial niche and helps promote maturation and polarization of the epithelial layer (Van Haute et al., 2009; Wong et al., 2012; Yamaya et al., 1992). Maintaining lung progenitors persistently in a submerged condition result in iPNEC loss (Hor et al., 2020). This is possibly due to the hypoxic microenvironment created around the cells and consequential Notch upregulation inhibiting PNEC fate specification (Gerovac et al., 2014; Yao et al., 2018). ALI alleviates these issues by mimicking a niche similar to a breathing lung. Continued Notch inhibition with DAPT augments iPNEC fate specification and yield during the differentiation protocol (Henke et al., 2009; Linnoila, 2006; Nelson et al., 2009). Approximately 40%–60% of the cultures show PNEC marker expression by day 31 which is continued over a period of >70 days at ALI (Hor et al., 2020). Increased arborization of membrane markers is observed over time, possibly reflecting maturation of iPNECs similar to that observed in the NEBs of adult lungs (Pan et al., 2006, 2004).

Limitations

The predominant limitation of the protocol is a current inability to purify the iPNECs due to a lack of a cell surface markers that is specific and selective for PNECs. We are continuing to work to identify such a marker which will substantially increase the utility for this protocol for studying disorders involving PNECs. We demonstrate neuropeptide expression using qRT-PCR and ELISA; however additional functional experiments, including a more comprehensive analysis of neuropeptide marker release under hypoxic conditions and mechanical stress or in response to allergic stimulants would be beneficial for establishing iPNEC functional competency for disease modeling.

Troubleshooting

Problem 1

At day 1, the cells do not reach 70%–80% confluence (step 5).

Potential Solution

Leave the cells for another 24 hrs to reach the optimal confluence before starting the differentiation.

Problem 2

At day 3, the cells do not reach 80%–100% confluence (steps 12 and 13).

If differentiation does not reach the desired >80%, do not continue the differentiation. This is usually an indicator that there was an issue with the quality of the starting iPSC and will result in poor efficiency of differentiation. Ensure that iPSC maintain pluripotency, are karyotypically stable and that all differentiated cells are removed prior to starting the protocol.

Problem 3

Low differentiation at days 5 and 9 as shown by staining for DE and AFE markers (FOXA2 and/or SOX17).

If the percent DE/AFE conversion is really poor (<60%), do not continue the differentiation as it will not give rise to enough lung progenitors and thereby end up with mixed cell types alongside non-pulmonary lineage contamination. Optimization of plating may be needed or additional days to differentiate to DE.

Resource Availability

Lead Contact

Further information and requests for resources and reagents should be directed to and will be fulfilled by the Lead Contact, Amy L. Ryan, afirth@usc.edu.

Materials Availability

Human iPSC lines used in this study are available upon request from Dr. Ichida ichida@usc.edu and the Lead Contact, Dr. Ryan, afirth@usc.edu

Data and Code Availability

We have uploaded and made available our single-cell RNA sequencing data generated from our day 91 differentiation cultures on Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database under accession number: GSE146990.

REAGENT or RESOURCE	SOURCE	IDENTIFIER
Antibodies
NKX2.1 (1:100)	Abcam	ab76013
FOXA2 (1:200)	Cell Signaling Technology	8186T
SOX17 (1:200)	Thermo Fisher	AF1924-SP
SOX2 (1:200)	Cell Signaling Technology	2748
SOX9 (1:500)	Abcam	ab185230
ZO1 (1:200)	Thermo Fisher	40-2200
SYP (1:500)	Abcam	ab32127
SYP (1:100)	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc-17750: SYP (D-4)
ENO2 (1:100)	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc-271384: Enolase (A-5)
CHGA (1:100)	Proteintech	60135-1-Ig
ROBO2 (1:100)	R&D Systems	AF3147
PGP9.5 (1:100)	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc-271639: UCH-L1 (C-4)
EPCAM (1:500)	R&D Systems	AF960
VIM (1:500)	Sigma-Aldrich	V6630
Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488	Thermo Fisher Scientific	A-21206
Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 555	Thermo Fisher Scientific	A-31572
Donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 594	Thermo Fisher Scientific	R37119
Donkey anti-Goat IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 555	Thermo Fisher Scientific	A-21432
Donkey anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488	Thermo Fisher Scientific	A-21202
Donkey anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 555	Thermo Fisher Scientific	A-31570
Chemicals, Peptides, and Recombinant Proteins
mTeSR1 media	STEMCELL Technologies	85850
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F-12)	Life Technologies	11330032
Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 Medium	Life Technologies	11875-093
FBS	Genesee Scientific	25-514
Geltrex™ LDEV-Free Reduced Growth Factor Basement Membrane Matrix	Thermo Fisher Scientific	A1413202
ReLeSR	STEMCELL Technologies	05782
Accutase	STEMCELL Technologies	7920
Y-27632 (Rock inhibitor)	Selleckchem	S1049
SB431542	Selleckchem	S1067
Recombinant Human FGF7/KGF	Peprotech	100-19
Recombinant Human FGF2	Peprotech	100-28
Recombinant Human FGF10	Peprotech	100-26
Activin A	Humanzyme	HZ-1140
Recombinant Human Wnt-3α	R&D Systems	5036-WN-010
Recombinant Human Noggin	Peprotech	120-10C
Recombinant Human BMP4	Humanzyme	HZ-1045
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)	Sigma-Aldrich	A2058
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 1×	Genesee Scientific	25-507
DAPT	Cayman Chemical	208255-80-5
Laminin	Life Technologies	23017015
Fibronectin	R&D Systems	1918-FN-02M
Collagen IV	Sigma-Aldrich	C7521-5MG
Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Media (IMDM)	Life Technologies	12440053
Ham’s F12 Media	Life Technologies	11765-054
B-27 with RA supplement (50×)	Life Technologies	17504-044
N-2 supplement (100×)	Life Technologies	17502-048
Glutamax	Life Technologies	35050
Ascorbic Acid	Sigma-Aldrich	A8960-25G
α-Monothioglycerol (MTG)	Sigma-Aldrich	M1753-100ML
Bovine Brain Extract	Lonza	CC-4098
Epinephrine	Sigma-Aldrich	E4642
Ethanolamine	Sigma-Aldrich	E0135
Fetal Clone II	Hyclone	SH30066
Hydrocortisone	Sigma-Aldrich	H4001
Insulin	Sigma-Aldrich	I9278
Phosphoryl ethanolamine	Sigma-Aldrich	P0503
Retinoic Acid	Sigma-Aldrich	R2625
3,3′,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt	Sigma-Aldrich	T6397
Transferrin	Sigma-Aldrich	T8158
Ultroser G serum substitute	Crescent chemicals	67042.1/S
Paraformaldehyde (PFA)	VWR	100496-496
CAS Block	Thermo Fisher Scientific	008120
Triton X-100	Sigma-Aldrich	T8787
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)	Genesee Scientific	25-507
Immunomount	Thermo Fisher Scientific	9990402
Vectashield with DAPI	Vector Laboratories	H-1500
DAPI	Sigma-Aldrich	D9542
DNase	Worthington Biochemical Corporation	LS003172
SYBR Green	Bio-rad	1725125
Critical Commercial Assays
Qiagen RNA Easy Mini Kit	Qiagen	74004, 74134
Protoscript first strand synthesis kit	New England Biolabs	E6560S
Enolase Quantikine ELISA Kit	R&D	DENL20
Experimental Models: Cell Lines
Healthy human lymphoblastoid cell line-derived iPSCs (iPSC 1). Lymphoblastoid cell line reprogrammed by Ichida Lab USC	National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Biorepository, Coriell Institute	ND00184 (original lymphoblastoid cell line)
Healthy human lymphoblastoid cell-derived iPSCs (iPSC 2). Lymphoblastoid cell line reprogrammed by Ichida Lab USC	National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Biorepository, Coriell Institute	ND03719 (original lymphoblastoid cell line)
Human foreskin fibroblast-derived iPSC line (FiPSC #3C15)	Ryan Laboratory, USC	Derived from BJ fibroblasts (ATCC, CRL-2522)
Deposited Data
Raw and analyzed iPNEC data	Hor et al., 2020	GEO: GSE146990
Oligonucleotides (qPCR Primers)
Gene	Forward Primer	Reverse Primer
β-Actin	5′-CATGTACGTTGGTATCGAGGC-3′	5′-CTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT-3′
HES1	5′-ACGTGCGAGGGCGTTAATAC-3′	5′-GGGGTAGGTCATGGCATTGA-3′
HEY1	5′-AGAGTGCGGACGAGAATGGAAACT-3′	5′-CGTCGGCGCTTCTCAATTATTCCT-3′
ASCL1	5′-CCCAAGCAAGTCAAGCGACA-3′	5′-AAGCCGCTGAAGTTGAGCC-3′
GRP	5′-AAAGAGCACAGGGGAGTCTTC-3′	5′-TCCTTTGCTTCTATGAGACCCA-3′
DLL3	5′-CGTCCGTAGATTGGAATCGCC-3′	5′-TCCCGAGCGTAGATGGAAGG-3′
GAD67	5′-GCTTCCGGCTAAGAACGGT-3′	5′-TTGCGGACATAGTTGAGGAGT-3′
ENO2	5′-CTGATGCTGGAGTTGGATGG-3′	5′-CCATTGATCACGTTGAAGGC-3′
ROBO2	5′-GTTTGTGTTGCGAGGAACTATCT-3′	5′-GTTTTGTCGGAAGTCATCTCGTA-3′
SYP	5′-CTCAGCATCGAGGTCGAGTTC-3′	5′-GAGGAGTAGTCCCCAACTAAGAA-3′
SST	5′-CCCAGACTCCGTCAGTTTCT-3′	5′-AAGTACTTGGCCAGTTCCTGC-3′
SV2	5′-TAGACCAGGCACTCATTGGC-3′	5′-ACCCCTCCCCACAGTTACTT-3′
PENK	5′-TCTGAACCCGGCTTTTCCAA-3′	5′-TACGCAAGCCAGGAAGTTGAT-3′
Software and Algorithms
ImageJ	National Institutes of Health	https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/
Quantitative RT-PCR software	Thermo Fisher Scientific	7900HT SDS software v2.1
Other
6-Well Cell Culture Plates	Genesee Scientific	25-105
Transwell® Inserts, Sterile, Corning® (3470), 24 well plate	VWR	29442-082
Vacuum Filter Systems, 500 mL	Genesee Scientific	25-227
0.45 μm pore filter	Genesee Scientific	25-246
BD Disposable Syringes with Luer-Lok™ Tips (1 and 5 mL)	VWR	BD309646, BD328438

Activin A Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Activin A	100 μg/mL	100 μg
PBS 1×	n/a	1 mL
BSA	0.1% (w/v)	1 mg
Total	n/a	1 mL

n/a – not applicable

Wnt-3a Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Wnt-3a	25 μg/mL	10 μg
PBS 1×	n/a	400 μL
BSA	0.1% (w/v)	400 μg
Total	n/a	400 μL

n/a – not applicable

SB431524 Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
SB431524	50 mM	1 mg
DMSO	n/a	0.5203 mL
Total	n/a	0.5203 mL

n/a – not applicable

Noggin Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Noggin	20 μg/mL	20 μg
PBS 1×	n/a	1 mL
Total	n/a	1 mL

n/a – not applicable

BMP4 Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
BMP4	50 μg/mL	10 μg
PBS 1×	n/a	200 μL
BSA	0.1% (w/v)	200 μg
Total	n/a	200 μL

n/a – not applicable

FGF-2 Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
FGF-2	10 μg/mL	10 μg
PBS 1×	n/a	1 mL
BSA	0.1% (w/v)	1 mg
Total	n/a	1 mL

n/a – not applicable

FGF-7 (KGF) Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
FGF-7	10 μg/mL	10 μg
PBS 1×	n/a	1 mL
BSA	0.1% (w/v)	1 mg
Total	n/a	1 mL

n/a – not applicable

FGF-10 Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
FGF-10	10 μg/mL	25 μg
PBS 1×	n/a	2.5 mL
BSA	0.1% (w/v)	2.5 mg
Total	n/a	2.5 mL

n/a – not applicable

Ascorbic Acid Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Ascorbic Acid	50 mg/mL	50 mg
Milli-Q H2O (autoclaved)	n/a	1 mL
Total	n/a	1 mL

n/a – not applicable

Y-27632 (ROCK inhibitor) Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Y-27632 (ROCK inhibitor)	40 mM	5 g
DMSO	n/a	390.3 μL
Total	n/a	390.3 μL

n/a – not applicable

DAPT Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
DAPT	1 mg/mL	5 mg
DMSO	n/a	5 mL
Total	n/a	5 mL

n/a – not applicable

Bovine Brain Extract

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Bovine Brain Extract	9 mg/mL	5 mL

Epinephrine Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Epinephrine	15 mM	6.5 mg
Milli-Q H2O (autoclaved)	n/a	2 mL
Total	n/a	2 mL

n/a – not applicable

Ethanolamine Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Ethanolamine	250 μM	1.527 mg
Milli-Q H2O (autoclaved)	n/a	100 mL
Total	n/a	5 mL

n/a – not applicable

Hydrocortisone Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Hydrocortisone	200 μM	1 g
Ethanol	n/a	1 mL
Milli-Q H2O (autoclaved)	n/a	12.8 mL
Total	n/a	13.8 mL

n/a – not applicable

Phosphoryl ethanolamine Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Phosphoryl ethanolamine	50 mM	15 mg
PBS, 1×	n/a	2 mL
Total	n/a	5 mL

n/a – not applicable

Retinoic Acid Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Retinoic Acid	100 mM	1 mg
Milli-Q H2O (autoclaved)	n/a	33.28 mL
Total	n/a	33.28 mL

n/a – not applicable

Transferrin Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Transferrin	2.5 mg/mL	100 mg
Milli-Q H2O (autoclaved)	n/a	40 mL
Total	n/a	40 mL

n/a – not applicable

3,3′,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium Stock Solution

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
3,3′,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium	15 mM	100 mg
DMEM/F-12 Media	n/a	10 mL
Total	n/a	10 mL

n/a – not applicable

Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Stock Solution

Reagent	Stock Concentration	Final Concentration	Amount
Fibronectin	1 mg/mL	5 μg/mL	25 μL
Laminin	500 μg/mL	5 μg/mL	50 μL
Collagen IV	600 μg/mL	60 μg/mL	500 μL
PBS, 1×	n/a	n/a	4.5 mL
Total	n/a	n/a	5 mL

n/a – not applicable

Complete Serum-free Differentiation Medium (cSFDM)

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Media (IMDM)	75%	375 mL
Ham’s F-12	25%	125 mL
BSA	0.75% (w/v)	3.75 mg
B-27 with RA	0.5×	5 mL
N-2	0.5×	2.5 mL
Glutamax	1×	5 mL
Ascorbic Acid	50 μg/mL	500 μL
MTG	4.5 × 10−4 M	19.55 μL
Total	n/a	500 mL

n/a – not applicable

Media A. mTeSR1 (commercially available)

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
Basal medium		400 mL
5× Supplement	1×	100 mL

Store at 4oC.

Medium B

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
RPMI 1640		100 mL
Wnt-3a	25 ng/mL	100 μL
Activin A	100 ng/mL	100 μL

Medium C

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
RPMI		100 mL
FBS	1%	1 mL
Activin A	100 ng/mL	100 μL

Medium D

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
cSFDM		100 mL
SB431542	500 nM	100 μL
Noggin	20 ng/mL	100 μL

Medium E

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
cSFDM		100 mL
SB431542	500 nM	100 μL
BMP-4	5 ng/mL	10 μL

Medium F

Reagent	Final Concentration	Amount
cSFDM		100 mL
BMP-4	5 ng/mL	10 μL
FGF-2	10 ng/mL	100 μL
FGF-10	10 ng/mL	100 μL
KGF	10 ng/mL	100 μL

This medium can be prepared for 3–5 days use and stored at 4°C. Filter through a 0.45 μm pore filter. Pre-warm the amount needed for daily use only.

Composition	Final Concentration	Amount
DMEM/F-12		480 mL
Ultroser G	2%	10 mL
Fetal Clone II	2%	10 mL
Insulin	2.5 μg/mL	122.5 μL
Bovine Brain Extract	22.5 μg/mL	1.25 μL
Transferrin	2.5 μg/mL	500 μL
Hydrocortisone	20 nM	50 μL
3,3′,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine	500 nM	16.7 μL
Epinephrine	1.5 μM	50 μL
Retinoic Acid	10 nM	50 μL
Phosphoryl ethanolamine	250 nM	2.5 μL
Ethanolamine	250 nM	500 μL
Total	n/a	500 mL

PCR Cycling Conditions
Steps	Temperature	Time	Cycles
Initial Denaturation	95°C	2 min	1
Denaturation	95°C	15 s	40 cycles
Annealing	60°C	1 min
Extension	72°C	1 min
Hold	4°C	Forever