Muhammad Tufail1, Ishtiaq Hassan2. 1. Centre for Human Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan, mtufail@email.sxu.edu.cn. 2. Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mansehra, Pakistan.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The disease is more prevalent in aged individuals compared to young ones. AIM: The present study aimed to investigate the factors associated with PD in the population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. METHODS: In this study, the questionnaire was filled from 600 PD patients, which include 54 familial cases, and 1,200 control subjects. To study the risk of PD in familial cases, questionnaires were also filled from the cases and controls. RESULTS: This study revealed that depression symptomology is common in PD patients. Moreover, the risk of PD was higher in patients with consanguineous marriages compare to controls (OR = 3.96, 95% Cl = 1.98-7.89). The first-degree relatives (59.3%) of PD patients are more likely to develop PD compared to a second- (29.5%) or third-degree (11.1%) relatives. Furthermore, the risk of PD is higher in individuals whose parents get married to first-cousin (OR: 4.76, 95% Cl: 1.81-12.5) than second- (OR: 1.34, 95% Cl: 0.54-3.32) or third-cousin marriages (OR = 0.18, 95% Cl: 0.06-0.49). Moreover, the use of paracetamol (OR: 0.39; 95% Cl: 0.25-0.59) and ibuprofen (OR: 0.35; 95% Cl: 0.17-0.70) were higher in control subjects. CONCLUSION: This study concludes that consanguineous marriages and first-degree relation with PD patients increase the risk of PD, while the use of certain medications may decrease the risk of PD. Further study is warranted in a population of Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION:Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The disease is more prevalent in aged individuals compared to young ones. AIM: The present study aimed to investigate the factors associated with PD in the population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. METHODS: In this study, the questionnaire was filled from 600 PDpatients, which include 54 familial cases, and 1,200 control subjects. To study the risk of PD in familial cases, questionnaires were also filled from the cases and controls. RESULTS: This study revealed that depression symptomology is common in PDpatients. Moreover, the risk of PD was higher in patients with consanguineous marriages compare to controls (OR = 3.96, 95% Cl = 1.98-7.89). The first-degree relatives (59.3%) of PDpatients are more likely to develop PD compared to a second- (29.5%) or third-degree (11.1%) relatives. Furthermore, the risk of PD is higher in individuals whose parents get married to first-cousin (OR: 4.76, 95% Cl: 1.81-12.5) than second- (OR: 1.34, 95% Cl: 0.54-3.32) or third-cousin marriages (OR = 0.18, 95% Cl: 0.06-0.49). Moreover, the use of paracetamol (OR: 0.39; 95% Cl: 0.25-0.59) and ibuprofen (OR: 0.35; 95% Cl: 0.17-0.70) were higher in control subjects. CONCLUSION: This study concludes that consanguineous marriages and first-degree relation with PDpatients increase the risk of PD, while the use of certain medications may decrease the risk of PD. Further study is warranted in a population of Pakistan.