Marine algal flora of Graciosa Island, Azores.

BACKGROUND: The macroalgal flora of Graciosa (central group of Azores archipelago) is poorly known, with only 116 species recorded so far (authors personal data). The published information reflects occasional collections from sporadic field visits to the Island. To overcome this, a thorough investigation under the Expedition "GRACIOSA/2004", the Campaigns "PADEL/2006", "MACROBIOLMOL/2014" and "PIMA-BALA/2017" involving sample collecting and presence data recording, was undertaken over an area of 19 km2 encompassing littoral and sublittoral levels down to about 40 m around the Island. This paper lists the taxonomic records and provides information on species ecology and occurrence around the Island improving the knowledge of the Azorean macroalgal flora at both local and regional scales. NEW INFORMATION: A total of 1692 specimens belonging to 250 taxa of macroalgae (and including 55 taxa identified only at the genus level) are registered, comprising 166 Rhodophyta, 36 Chlorophyta and 48 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae). From these, 195 are identified to the species level (126 Rhodophyta, 31 Chlorophyta and 38 Ochrophyta) and comprise 156 native, 20 of uncertain origin and 14 introductions to the Island. Predaea feldmannii subsp. azorica Gabriel is an Azorean endemic, whereas Codium elisabethiae O.C. Schmidt, Botryocladia macaronesica Afonso-Carrillo, Sobrino, Tittley & Neto, Phyllophora gelidioides P.Crouan & H.Crouan ex Karsakoff and Laurencia viridis Gil-Rodríguez & Haroun represent Macaronesian endemics. Seventy-nine species are newly recorded to the algal flora of the Island. Ana I. Azevedo Neto, Manuela I. Parente, Andrea Z. Botelho, Afonso C. L. Prestes, Roberto Resendes, Pedro Afonso, Nuno V. Álvaro, David Milla-Figueras, Raul M. A. Neto, Ian Tittley, Ignacio Moreu.

Introduction

Around 400 species of marine macroalgae have been recorded in the isolated mid-Atlantic Azores archipelago so far (Freitas et al. 2019). The Azorean algal flora is cosmopolitan with species shared with Macaronesia sensu lacto, North Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Europe and America. Overall, it shares more species with the east Atlantic flora than with the west (Tittley and Neto 2006, Wallenstein et al. 2009).

Based on extensive analysis encompassing widely-dispersing phyla (as coastal fishes, echinoderms and macroalgae) and less-dispersing phyla (as brachyurans, polychaetes and gastropods), Freitas et al. (2019) suggested that the Azores should be a biogeographical entity of its own and proposed a re-definition of the Lusitanian biogeographical province, in which they consider four ecoregions: the South European Atlantic Shelf, the Saharan Upwelling, the Azores ecoregion and a new ecoregion herein named Webbnesia, which comprises the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and the Canary Islands. In their paper, when comparing the Azorean algal flora to that of the new Webbnesia region, they reported that the Canary Islands, with 689 species, are by far the most diverse archipelago, followed by the Azores (405), Madeira (396) and Cabo Verde (333). The Selvagens are the least diverse one (295 species). When compared to that of other remote oceanic Islands (e.g. the Shetlands and Faroes in the colder North Atlantic and Ascension and Tristan da Cunha in the Southern Atlantic), the algal flora of the Azores can also be considered relatively rich (Tittley 2003, Neto et al. 2005, Tittley and Neto 2005, Tittley and Neto 2006, Wallenstein et al. 2009).

From all Azorean Islands, São Miguel is by far the one with the largest amount of research dedicated to the study of the algal flora. The total number of algal species is at the moment 260, a number that is likely to increase due to ongoing research by authors of the present paper. Most of the remaining Islands have received less attention. To overcome this and to improve the understanding of the archipelago’s macroalgal flora, research has been conducted over the past three decades in all the Islands. Data on the Islands of Pico and Terceira are already available on the recently-published papers by Neto et al. (2020a), Neto et al. (2020b). Table 1summarises the available information at the moment.

Table 1.

Number of macroalgal species on the Azorean Islands (Neto et al. 2020b, c and authors' unpublished data).

Phyllum	Santa Maria	São Miguel	Terceira	Graciosa	São Jorge	Pico	Faial	Flores	Corvo
Rhodophyta	68	168	73	79	35	142	59	59	13
Chlorophyta	20	39	24	21	17	41	16	16	2
Ochrophyta	28	53	16	16	10	42	8	16	4
Total	116	260	113	116	62	225	83	91	19

The present paper presents both physical and occurrence data and information gathered from macroalgae surveys undertaken on Graciosa (central group of the archipelago) by the Island Aquatic Research Group of the Azorean Biodiversity Centre of the University of the Azores (Link: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/sub-team/island-aquatic-ecology), the MARBE, Marine Biodiversity and Environment Research Group of CIBIO-Açores at the University of the Azores (Link: http://cibio.uac.pt/en/research-groups/marbe-marine-biodiversity-and-environment) and the OKEANOS Centre of the University of the Azores (Link: http://www.okeanos.uac.pt). In these surveys, particular attention was given to the small filamentous and thin sheet-like forms that are often short-lived and fast-growing species, very difficult to identify in the wild, requiring the aid of a microscope.

The paper aims to provide a practical resource for biological studies, such as systematics, diversity and conservation, biological monitoring, climate change and ecology and also for academics, students, government, private organisations and the general public.

General description

Purpose

In this contribution, we list taxonomic records for Graciosa and present general information for the occurrence of each taxon around the Island. By doing this, we are contributing to address several biodiversity shortfalls (see Cardoso et al. 2011, Hortal et al. 2015), namely, the need to catalogue the Azorean macroalgae (Linnean shortfall) and to improve the current information on their local and regional geographic distribution (Wallacean shortfall), as well as on species abundances and dynamics in space (Prestonian shortfall).

Project description

Title

Marine algal flora of Graciosa Island, Azores

Personnel

Collections were undertaken and occurrence data recorded during several years (2004-2017). The main collectors were Amine Sebti, Ana F. Ferreira, Ana I. Neto, André Amaral, Andrea Z. Botelho, Catarina Santos, Daniel Torrão, Daniela Gabriel, David Milla-Figueras, Edgar Rosas-Alquicira, Eunice Nogueira, Francisco Wallenstein, Gonçalo Graça, Inês Machado, João Brum, Jorge Fontes, José M. N. Azevedo, Ian Tittley, Karla Leon Cisneros, Manuela I. Parente, Marlene Terra, Nil Alvaréz-Segura, Nuno Álvaro, Pedro Monteiro, Pedro Raposeiro, Patrícia Madeira, Raquel Torres, Ruben Couto, Rui Sousa, Sara Peres and Sandra Medeiros.

Preliminary in situ identifications were done by Ana I. Neto, Andrea Z. Botelho, Daniela Gabriel, David Milla-Figueras, Edgar Rosas-Alquicira, Francisco Wallenstein, Karla Leon Cisneros, Ian Tittley, Manuela I. Parente, Marlene Terra and Ruben Couto.

Ana I. Neto, Andrea Z. Botelho, David Milla-Figueras, Edgar Rosas-Alquicira, Karla Leon Cisneros, Ian Tittley and Manuela I. Parente were responsible for the final species identification.

Voucher specimen management was mainly done by Afonso Prestes, Ana I. Neto, Andrea Z. Botelho, David Milla-Figueras, Eunice Nogueira, Manuela I. Parente, Natália Cabral and Roberto Resendes.

Study area description

The Azores archipelago, located in the North Atlantic, roughly at 38°43′49″N 27°19′10″W (Fig. 1) comprises nine Islands and several Islets spread over 500 km in a WNW direction. The climate is temperate oceanic, with persistent winds, regular and abundant rainfall and high levels of relative humidity mainly during winter and autumn (Morton et al. 1998). The Islands have a restricted coastal extension due to the lack of a continental shelf and deep waters occur within a few kilometres offshore. The tidal range is small (< 2 m, see Hidrográfico 1981) and coasts are subjected to swell and surge most of the year. Shore geomorphology alternates between high cliffs and rocky cobble/boulder beaches (Borges 2004).

Figure 1.

The Azores, its location in the Atlantic and Graciosa Island highlighted in black (by Nuno V. Álvaro).

Graciosa (in black in Fig. 1) is the second smallest Island of the Azores archipelago. Located in the central group, roughly at 39°0′38″N, 27°59′1″W, about 37 km north of São Jorge and 58 km north-west of Terceira, it has an area of about 62 km2 and a maximum altitude of 402 m at the summit of the Caldeira, located at the south-western tip of the Island (Neto et al. 2009).

With the exception of Serra Branca, bordered by cliffs higher than 200 m and the area between Lagoa and Barra, where the coastline consists of steep cliffs, the remaining coastline of the Island is low (below 50 m), with long stretches of cobble beaches interspaced with lava flows (forming irregular extensions of bedrock), boulder areas and the single sandy beach near the small village of Praia. Between Ponta Branca and Carapacho, there are several bays, of which the bay of Filipe is the largest in size and easily accessible by land. Rock pools are common on the bedrock shores around the Island, creating a shallow subtidal habitat with a rich diversity of marine life (Neto et al. 2009).

As on the remaining Azores Islands, the intertidal and shallow subtidal rocky-shore communities of Graciosa are dominated by macroalgae (Neto et al. 2005). The high intertidal level communities are characterised by a patchy mosaic of algae (principally Linnaeus, Kützing and spp.) and a few animals (mainly chthamalid barnacles) (Fig. 2). Lower, the shore is covered by algal turfs (growth forms of either diminutive algae or diminutive forms of larger species that create a dense, compact mat 20-30 mm thick), either monospecific or composed of several species, for example, calcareous algae (e.g. and ) or by soft algae (e.g. (C.Agardh) Montagne, and ) (Fig. 3). At this level, a few limpets may be seen. The erect, corticated macrophytes (J.Ellis & Solander) K.R.Hind & G.W.Saunders, (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand (Fig. 4) and (S.G.Gmelin) Kützing are common in the transition zone to the subtidal, which is usually dominated by large foliose species (Neto et al. 2009). Subtidally, algal communities are characterised by associations of two or three frondose macrophytes (Fig. 5), predominantly the brown seaweeds, for example, spp., spp. and (J.V.Lamouroux) Montagne (Neto et al. 2009).

Figure 2.

The red macrophyte , a characteristic species of the Azorean high intertidal level (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG).

Figure 3.

Algal turf at mid-shore intertidal level (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG).

Figure 4.

Red macrophytes and at lower intertidal level (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG).

Figure 5.

Frondose brown macrophytes ( and spp.) together with at subtidal level (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG).

Design description

The algae, referred to in this paper, were collected during field studies at littoral and sublittoral levels down to approximately 40 m on the Island of Graciosa. Each sampling location was visited several times. On each occasion, a careful and extensive survey was undertaken to provide good coverage of the area. Both presence recording and physical collections were made by walking over the shores or by scuba diving. The specimens collected were taken to the laboratory for identification and preservation and the resulting vouchers were deposited at the AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha and the Molecular Systematics Laboratory at the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores.

Funding

This study was mainly financed by the following projects/scientific expeditions:

Expedition GRACIOSA/2004, Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Açores Ilha do Pico, Açores, June 2004;

Campaign PADEL/2006, under the project “PADEL: Património natural e desenvolvimento sustentável do litoral dos Açores: a Ilha Graciosa como caso de estudo”. 2006 - 2007. The Azores Regional Government;

Campaign MACROBIOMOL/2014, under the project “MACROBIOMOL, Macroalgal biodiversity under molecular lens - towards a better understanding of North Atlantic biogeography” (PTDC/MAR/114 613/2009). 2011 - 2015. Operational Programme COMPETE (ERDF funds), FCT (UID/BIA/50027/2013) and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821;

Campaign PIMA-BALA/2017, under the projects “PIMA (3/DRAM/2015), Elaboração do programa de implementação da Diretiva-Quadro Estratégia Marinha - Programa invasoras marinhas nos Açores” and “BALA (2/DRAM/2015), Elaboração do programa de implementação da diretiva-quadro estratégia marinha - biodiversidade dos ambientes litorais dos Açores”. ERDF funds, and the Azores Regional Government;

Project “ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072 - AZORES BIOPORTAL – PORBIOTA. Operational Programme Azores 2020 (85% ERDF and 15% regional funds);

Portuguese National Funds, through FCT –Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, within the projects UID/BIA/00329/2013, 2015- 2019, UID/BIA/00329/2020-2023 and UID/BIA/50027/2019 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821;

Portuguese Regional Funds, through DRCT – Direção Regional da Ciência e Tecnologia, within several projects, 2019 and 2020;

CIRN/DB/UAc (Research Centre for Natural Resources, Universidade dos Açores, Departamento de Biologia);

CIIMAR (Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Porto, Portugal).

Sampling methods

Study extent

This study covers a relatively-large area, approximately 19 km2, encompassing littoral and sublittoral levels down to approximately 40 m around the Island of Graciosa (Table 2, Fig. 6).

Table 2.

Location of the sampling sites on Graciosa Island.

Location N0	Location ID	Municipality	Locality	Latitude / Longitude	geodeticDatum	Littoral zone
1	GRA_SC_BPL	Santa Cruz	Baixa do Pesqueiro Longo	39,123197, -28,045288	WGS84	Intertidal
2	GRA_SC_BV	Santa Cruz	Barro Vermelho	39,095344, -28,026032	WGS84	Intertidal
3	GRA_SC_Cb1	Santa Cruz	Carapacho|Baía 1	39,011211, -27,960628	WGS84	Subtidal
4	GRA_SC_Cem	Santa Cruz	Carapacho|Entre-marés	39,010819, -27,961696	WGS84	Intertidal
5	GRA_SC_Cib	Santa Cruz	Carapacho|Ilhéu de Baixo	39,009987, -27,942812	WGS84	Subtidal
6	GRA_SC_Fop	Santa Cruz	Folga|porto	39,017394, -27,999973	WGS84	Intertidal
7	GRA_SC_PAp	Santa Cruz	Porto Afonso|porto	39,065946, -28,06759	WGS84	Intertidal
8	GRA_SC_Pi	Santa Cruz	Praia|Ilhéu	39,058972, -27,954659	WGS84	Intertidal
9	GRA_SC_Psm	Santa Cruz	Praia|São Mateus	39,049412, -27,969379	WGS84	Intertidal
10	GRA_SC_SCbf	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Baixa do Ferreiro	39,092344, -27,988639	WGS84	Subtidal
11	GRA_SC_SCp	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|porto	39,088680, -28,008354	WGS84	Intertidal
12	GRA_SC_SCpf	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Ponta do Ferreiro	39,088263, -27,996325	WGS84	Intertidal
13	GRA_SC_SCpp	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Ponta da Pesqueira	39,086693, -27,994449	WGS84	Intertidal
14	GRA_SC_BF	Santa Cruz	Baía do Filipe	39,022164, -28,012561	WGS84	Subtidal
15	GRA_SC_Cb1	Santa Cruz	Carapacho|Baía 1	39,011211, -27,960628	WGS84	Subtidal
16	GRA_SC_Cb2	Santa Cruz	Carapacho|Baía 2	39,012446, -27,958205	WGS84	Subtidal
17	GRA_SC_Cem	Santa Cruz	Carapacho|Entre-marés	39,010819, -27,961696	WGS84	Intertidal
18	GRA_SC_Cib	Santa Cruz	Carapacho|Ilhéu de Baixo	39,009987, -27,942812	WGS84	Subtidal
19	GRA_SC_Ct	Santa Cruz	Carapacho|Termas	39,01245, -27,959901	WGS84	Intertidal
20	GRA_SC_F	Santa Cruz	Fenais	39,044619, -27,963737	WGS84	Intertidal
21	GRA_SC_Fob	Santa Cruz	Folga|Baía	39,016995, -28,000629	WGS84	Subtidal
22	GRA_SC_PAbc	Santa Cruz	Porto Afonso|Baía das Caldeirinhas	39,065128, -28,067997	WGS84	Subtidal
23	GRA_SC_PAp	Santa Cruz	Porto Afonso|porto	39,065946, -28,06759	WGS84	Intertidal
24	GRA_SC_PB	Santa Cruz	Ponta Branca	39,020325, -28,031507	WGS84	Subtidal
25	GRA_SC_Pbl	Santa Cruz	Praia|Baía da Lagoa	39,059392, -27,975943	WGS84	Intertidal
26	GRA_SC_Pp	Santa Cruz	Praia|porto	39,052321, -27,966435	WGS84	Subtidal
27	GRA_SC_SCb	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Barra	39,088431, -28,005052	WGS84	Subtidal
28	GRA_SC_SCba	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Barra-Anel	39,088456, -28,001856	WGS84	Intertidal
29	GRA_SC_SCba	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Barra-Anel	39,088694, -28,001464	WGS84	Subtidal
30	GRA_SC_SCbf	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Baía da Fonte	39,080207, -27,98857	WGS84	Subtidal
31	GRA_SC_SCbsc	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Baía de Santa Catarina	39,087896, -27,998773	WGS84	Intertidal
32	GRA_SC_SCbsv	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Baía Senhora da Vitória	39,071636, -28,067268	WGS84	Intertidal
33	GRA_SC_SCpb	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Ponta da Barca	39,089915, -27,995677	WGS84	Subtidal
34	GRA_SC_SCt	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Terreiros	39,092024, -28,013401	WGS84	Intertidal
35	GRA_SC_SCpb	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Ponta da Barca	39,089915, -27,995677	WGS84	Intertidal
36	GRA_SC_BV	Santa Cruz	Barro Vermelho	39,095344, -28,026032	WGS84	Intertidal
37	GRA_SC_Cp	Santa Cruz	Carapacho|Ponta	39,011703, -27,955194	WGS84	Intertidal
38	GRA_SC_PAp	Santa Cruz	Porto Afonso|porto	39,065946, -28,06759	WGS84	Intertidal
39	GRA_SC_SCap	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Atrás do porto	39,09, -28,01	WGS84	Intertidal
40	GRA_SC_BB	Santa Cruz	Baixa do Badejo	39,021049, -27,94005	WGS84	Subtidal
41	GRA_SC_BPLpf	Santa Cruz	Baixa do Pesqueiro Longo|Picos de Fora	39,02105, -28,047544	WGS84	Subtidal
42	GRA_SC_BV	Santa Cruz	Barro Vermelho	39,02105, -28,0285	WGS84	Subtidal
43	GRA_SC_BVbpcn	Santa Cruz	Barro Vermelho|Baixa do Pintado|Costa Norte	39,02105, -28,03465	WGS84	Subtidal
44	GRA_SC_Cib	Santa Cruz	Carapacho|Ilhéu de Baixo	39,009987, -27,942812	WGS84	Subtidal
45	GRA_SC_Cpr	Santa Cruz	Carapacho|Ponta da Restinga	39,017723, -27,946526	WGS84	Subtidal
46	GRA_SC_IB	Santa Cruz	Ilhéu da Baleia	39,095601, -28,046544	WGS84	Subtidal
47	GRA_SC_IP	Santa Cruz	Ilhéu da Praia	39,055066, -27,957481	WGS84	Subtidal
48	GRA_SC_PB	Santa Cruz	Ponta Branca	39,020325, -28,031507	WGS84	Subtidal
49	GRA_SC_SCbf	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Baixa do Ferreiro	39,092344, -27,988639	WGS84	Subtidal
50	GRA_SC_SCpb	Santa Cruz	Santa Cruz|Ponta da Barca	39,089915, -27,995677	WGS84	Subtidal

Figure 6.

Sampling locations around Graciosa Island (by Nuno V. Álvaro).

Sampling description

Intertidal collections were made during low tide by walking over the shores. Subtidal collections were made by scuba diving around the area. Sampling involved specimen collecting and species-presence recording. For the former, at each location, samples were obtained by scraping (Fig. 7) one or two specimens of all different species found into labelled bags. Species-recording data were gathered by registering all species present in the sampled locations visited (Fig. 8). Complementary data, for example, shore level (high, mid, low), orientation and type of substrate (bedrock, boulders, cobbles, mixed), habitat (tide pool, open rock, gully, crevice, cave) were also recorded.

Figure 7.

Collecting macroalgae at the rocky intertidal (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG) .

Figure 8.

Quantitative recording of the presence and coverage of macroalgal species at the intertidal rocky habitat (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG).

Quality control

Each sampled taxon was identified by trained taxonomists and involved morphological and anatomical observations of whole specimens by eye or of slide preparations under the microscope for the diagnostic features described in literature.

Step description

Specimens were brought back to the laboratory, sorted and studied following standard procedures used in macroalgae identification.

Species identification was based on morphological and anatomical characters and reproductive structures. For small and simple thalli, this required the observation of the entire thallus with the naked eye and/or using dissecting and compound microscopes. For larger and more complex algae, investigation of the thallus anatomy required histological preparations (longitudinal and transverse sections) for the observation of cells, reproductive structures and other diagnostic characters.

As the Azorean algal flora has representatives from several geographical regions, often causing difficulty in identification, floras and keys for the North Atlantic, Tropical Atlantic and Western Mediterranean were used (e.g. Schmidt 1931, Taylor 1967, Taylor 1978, Levring 1974, Dixon and Irvine 1977, Lawson and John 1982, Irvine 1983, Gayral and Cosson 1986, Fletcher 1987, Afonso-Carrillo and Sansón 1989, Burrows 1991, Boudouresque et al. 1992, Cabioc'h et al. 1992, Maggs and Hommersand 1993, Irvine and Chamberlain 1994, Brodie et al. 2007, Lloréns et al. 2012 and Rodríguez-Prieto et al. 2013).

For more critical and taxonomically-difficult taxa, specimens were taken to the Natural History Museum (London) for comparison with collections there.

A reference collection was made for all collected specimens by assigning them a herbarium code number and depositing them at the AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha and the Molecular Systematics Laboratory, University of Azores. Depending on the species and on planned further research, different types of collections were made, namely (i) liquid collections using 5% buffered formaldehyde seawater and then replacing it by the fixing agent Kew (Bridsen and Forman 1999); (ii) dried collections, either by pressing the algae (most species) as described by Gayral and Cosson (1986) or by letting them air-dry (calcareous species); and (iii) silica gel collections for molecular study.

Nomenclatural and taxonomic status used here follow (Guiry and Guiry 2020). The database was organised on FileMaker Pro.

Geographic coverage

Description

Graciosa Island, Azores, Macaronesia, Portugal (approximately 39°0′38″N, 27°59′1″W).

Coordinates

39.002 and 39.104 Latitude; -28.076 and -27.927 Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage

All macroalgae were identified to genus or species level. In total, 250 taxa were identified belonging to 31 orders and 66 families, distributed by the phyla (17 orders and 41 families), (4 orders and 9 families) and (10 orders and 16 families).

Temporal coverage

Living time period: 2004 - 2017.

Notes

The sampling was performed on several occasions in the period between 2004 and 2017.

Collection data

Collection name

AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Graciosa Island (Azores) – Expedition GRACIOSA/2004; AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Graciosa Island (Azores) – Project PADEL; AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Graciosa Island (Azores) – Occasional sampling; Marine macroalgae collection of Graciosa Island (Azores)-Project MACROBIOMOL; Marine macroalgae collection of Graciosa Island (Azores)-Campaign PIMA/BALA; Marine macroalgae occurrence in Graciosa Island (Azores) – Project PADEL

Collection identifier

5ee0202d-c659-436f-9b78-664df8e2791d; 915baa3f-e5b0-4673-ba80-00c05420e1ef; c1904e12-0389-4e52-b78d-8cd18942fd3d; dc0e952e-51be-4677-8789-a02e57869e7a; fc35e5ae-2143-4b62-87af-ede8db82fc2c; e29a0327-dcd3-4626-831a-4606c7862220

Parent collection identifier

AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; MACROBIOMOL Macroalgae collection, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; PIMA/BALA Macroalgae collection, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores.

Specimen preservation method

Air-dry, Dried and pressed; Liquid (Formalin; fixing agent Kew), Silica.

Curatorial unit

AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores.

Usage rights

Use license

Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero)

Data resources

Data package title

Marine algal (seaweed) flora of Graciosa Island, Azores

Resource link

http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=graciosa_seaweed_flora&v=1.9

Alternative identifiers

http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=graciosa_seaweed_flora; https://doi.org/10.15468/uxjpmx

Number of data sets

1

Data set 1.

Data set name

Marine algal (seaweed) flora of Graciosa Island, Azores

Data format

Darwin Core Archive

Number of columns

49

Download URL

http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=graciosa_seaweed_flora&v=1.9

Data format version

1.6

Description

This data paper presents both physical and occurrence data from macroalgal surveys undertaken on Graciosa Island between 2004 and 2017 (Neto et al. 2020c. The dataset submitted to GBIF is structured as a sample event dataset, with two tables: event (as core) and occurrences. The data in this sampling event resource have been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data table contains 50 records (eventID). The extension data table has 1692 occurrences. An extension record supplies extra information about a core record. The number of records in each extension data table is illustrated in the IPT link. This IPT archives the data and thus serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for downloading in the downloads section.

Additional information

This paper accommodates the 1692 specimens of macroalgae recorded from Graciosa Island in 250 taxa with 195 confirmed species and 55 taxa identified only to genus level. The confirmed species (Tables 3, 4) comprise 126 , 31 and 38 (). Of these, 79 species are newly recorded to the algal flora of the Island (47 , 10 and 22 ). Most species are native, including the Azorean endemic Gabriel and the Macaronesian endemics Afonso-Carrillo, Sobrino, Tittley & Neto, P.Crouan & H.Crouan ex Karsakoff, Gil-Rodríguez & Haroun and O.C. Schmidt. Fourteen species are introductions to the algal flora and 20 have an uncertain status.

Table 3.

Macroalgae species from Graciosa Island, with information on their relative abundance, origin and status.

Phylum	Species (Accepted Name)	Number of records	Establishment Means	OccurrenceRemarks
Chlorophyta	Anadyomene saldanhae A.B.Joly & E.C.Oliveira	1	Native	New record
Chlorophyta	Bryopsis cupressina J.V.Lamouroux	2	Native
Chlorophyta	Bryopsis hypnoides J.V.Lamouroux	9	Native
Chlorophyta	Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C.Agardh	9	Native
Chlorophyta	Chaetomorpha linum (O.F.Müller) Kützing	1	Native
Chlorophyta	Chaetomorpha mediterranea (Kützing) Kützing	1	Native	New record
Chlorophyta	Chaetomorpha pachynema (Montagne) Kützing	27	Native
Chlorophyta	Cladophora albida (Nees) Kutzing	5	Native
Chlorophyta	Cladophora coelothrix Kützing	1	Native
Chlorophyta	Cladophora conferta P.Crouan & H.Crouan	4	Native
Chlorophyta	Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kützing	1	Uncertain
Chlorophyta	Cladophora liebetruthii Grunow	8	Native
Chlorophyta	Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kützing	15	Native
Chlorophyta	Codium adhaerens C. Agradh	24	Native
Chlorophyta	Codium decorticatum (Woodward) M.Howe	1	Native	New record
Chlorophyta	Codium elisabethiae O.C.Schmidt	2	Macaronesian endemism	New record
Chlorophyta	Codium fragile subsp. fragile (Suringar) Hariot	1	Introduced	New record
Chlorophyta	Codium taylorii P.C. Silva	1	Native	New record
Chlorophyta	Codium vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiaje	11	Native	New record
Chlorophyta	Derbesia tenuissima (Moris & De Notaris) P.Crouan & H.Crouan	5	Uncertain
Chlorophyta	Lychaete pellucida (Hudson) M.J.Wynne	5	Native
Chlorophyta	Microdictyon umbilicatum (Velley) Zanardini	11	Native	New record
Chlorophyta	Phyllodictyon anastomosans (Harvey) Kraft & M.J.Wynne	5	Native	New record
Chlorophyta	Ulva clathrata (Roth) C.Agardh	10	Native
Chlorophyta	Ulva compressa Linnaeus	19	Native
Chlorophyta	Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus	4	Native
Chlorophyta	Ulva linza Linnaeus	1	Native	New record
Chlorophyta	Ulva prolifera O.F.Müller	1	Native
Chlorophyta	Ulva rigida C.Agardh	37	Native
Chlorophyta	Valonia macrophysa Kützing	3	Native
Chlorophyta	Valonia utricularis (Roth) C.Agardh	2	Native
Ochrophyta	Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis	2	Native
Ochrophyta	Bachelotia antillarum (Grunow) Gerloff	5	Native
Ochrophyta	Carpomitra costata (Stackhouse) Batters	6	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Cladostephus spongiosum (Hudson) C.Agardh	15	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier	39	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Cutleria multifida (Turner) Greville	1	Uncertain
Ochrophyta	Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin	12	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Cystoseira humilis Schousboe ex Kützing	8	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Dictyopteris polypodioides (A.P.de Candolle) J.V.Lamouroux	10	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Dictyota bartayresiana J.V.Lamouroux	1	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux	11	Native
Ochrophyta	Dictyota dichotoma var. intricata (C.Agardh) Greville	1	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Dictyota fasciola (Roth) J.V.Lamouroux	2	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye	1	Uncertain	New record
Ochrophyta	Feldmannia irregularis (Kützing) Hamel	4	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Feldmannia paradoxa (Montagne) Hamel	4	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Fucus spiralis Linnaeus	15	Uncertain
Ochrophyta	Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kützing	15	Native
Ochrophyta	Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau	24	Native
Ochrophyta	Hydroclathrus clathratus (C.Agardh) M.Howe in N.L.Britton & C.F.Millspaugh	2	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Hydroclathrus tilesii (Endlicher) Santiañez & Wynne	9	Introduced	New record
Ochrophyta	Laminaria ochroleuca Bachelot de la Pylaie	9	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Leathesia marina (Lyngbye) Decaisne	4	Uncertain
Ochrophyta	Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C.Oliveira	3	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Myrionema strangulans Greville	3	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Nemoderma tingitanum Schousboe ex Bornet	4	Native
Ochrophyta	Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy	14	Native
Ochrophyta	Papenfussiella kuromo (Yendo) Inagaki	16	Introduced
Ochrophyta	Petalonia binghamiae (J.Agardh) K.L.Vinogradova	14	Introduced
Ochrophyta	Ralfsia verrucosa (Areschoug) Areschoug	1	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Sargassum cymosum C.Agardh	5	Native
Ochrophyta	Sargassum desfontainesii (Turner) C.Agardh	1	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Sargassum furcatum Kützing	10	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Sphacelaria cirrosa (Roth) C.Agardh	5	Native
Ochrophyta	Sphaerotrichia divaricata (C.Agardh) Kylin	3	Uncertain	New record
Ochrophyta	Taonia atomaria (Woodward) J.Agardh	4	Native	New record
Ochrophyta	Treptacantha abies-marina (S.G.Gmelin) Kützing	25	Native
Ochrophyta	Zonaria tournefortii (J.V.Lamouroux) Montagne	27	Native
Rhodophyta	Acrosorium ciliolatum (Harvey) Kylin	11	Native
Rhodophyta	Aglaothamnion bipinnatum (P.Crouan & H.Crouan) Feldmann & G.Feldmann	3	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Aglaothamnion cordatum (Børgesen) Feldmann-Mazoyer	5	Introduced
Rhodophyta	Aglaothamnion tenuissimum (Bonnemaison) Feldmann-Mazoyer	5	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Ahnfeltiopsis devoniensis (Greville) P.C.Silva & DeCew	6	Native
Rhodophyta	Amphiroa beauvoisii J.V.Lamouroux	1	Native
Rhodophyta	Amphiroa cryptarthrodia Zanardini	2	Native
Rhodophyta	Amphiroa fragilissima (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux	2	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Amphiroa rigida J.V.Lamouroux	3	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Anotrichium furcellatum (J.Agardh) Baldock	1	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Antithamnion diminuatum Wollaston	7	Introduced
Rhodophyta	Antithamnionella spirographidis (Schiffner) E.M.Wollaston	1	Introduced
Rhodophyta	Asparagopsis armata Harvey	14	Introduced
Rhodophyta	Asparagopsis armata Harvey, phase Falkenbergia rufolanosa (Harvey) F.Schmitz	2	Introduced
Rhodophyta	Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan	6	Native
Rhodophyta	Asteromenia peltata (W.R.Taylor) Huisman & A.J.K.Millar	5	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Bornetia secundiflora (J.Agardh) Thuret	1	Native
Rhodophyta	Botryocladia macaronesica Afonso-Carrillo, Sobrino, Tittley & Neto	1	Macaronesian endemism	New record
Rhodophyta	Callithamnion corymbosum (Smith) Lyngbye	13	Native
Rhodophyta	Callithamnion granulatum (Ducluzeau) C.Agardh	1	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Callithamnion tetragonum (Withering) S.F.Gray	4	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Callithamnion tetricum (Dillwyn) S.F.Gray	2	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Carradoriella denudata (Dillwyn) A.M.Savoie & G.W.Saunders	8	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Carradoriella elongata (Hudson) A.M.Savoie & G.W.Saunders	17	Native
Rhodophyta	Catenella caespitosa (Withering) L.M.Irvine	1	Native
Rhodophyta	Caulacanthus ustulatus (Mertens ex Turner) Kützing	7	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Centroceras clavulatum (C.Agardh) Montagne	16	Native
Rhodophyta	Ceramium botryocarpum A.W.Griffiths ex Harvey	1	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Ceramium ciliatum (J.Ellis) Ducluzeau	10	Native
Rhodophyta	Ceramium codii (H.Richards) Mazoyer	3	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth	12	Native
Rhodophyta	Ceramium virgatum Roth	31	Native
Rhodophyta	Champia parvula (C.Agardh) Harvey	2	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq	17	Native
Rhodophyta	Chondracanthus teedei (Mertens ex Roth) Kützing	10	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Chondria coerulescens (J.Agardh) Sauvageau	4	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward) C.Agardh	41	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Corallina ferreyrae E.Y.Dawson, Acleto & Foldvik	6	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Cryptonemia palmetta (S.G.Gmelin) Woelkering, G.Furnari, Cormaci & J.McNeill	2	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Cryptopleura ramosa (Hudson) L.Newton	11	Native
Rhodophyta	Dasya caraibica Børgesen	2	Native
Rhodophyta	Dasya corymbifera J.Agardh	4	Native
Rhodophyta	Dasya hutchinsiae Harvey	4	Native
Rhodophyta	Dermocorynus dichotomus (J.Agardh) Gargiulo, M.Morabito & Manghisi	21	Native
Rhodophyta	Ellisolandia elongata (J.Ellis & Solander) K.R.Hind & G.W.Saunders	23	Native
Rhodophyta	Erythrocystis montagnei (Derbès & Solier) P.C.Silva	7	Native
Rhodophyta	Gaillona hookeri (Dillwyn) Athanasiadis	3	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Gastroclonium reflexum (Chauvin) Kützing	1	Native
Rhodophyta	Gelidium arbuscula Bory ex Børgesen	4	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Gelidium corneum (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux	3	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Gelidium microdon Kützing	17	Native
Rhodophyta	Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis	12	Native
Rhodophyta	Gelidium spinosum (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva	12	Native
Rhodophyta	Gigartina pistillata (S.G.Gmelin) Stackhouse	3	Native
Rhodophyta	Grateloupia filicina (J.V.Lamouroux) C.Agardh	10	Native
Rhodophyta	Griffithsia phyllamphora J.Agardh	7	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Gymnogongrus crenulatus (Turner) J.Agardh	8	Native
Rhodophyta	Gymnogongrus griffithsiae (Turner) C.Martius	19	Native
Rhodophyta	Gymnothamnion elegans (Schousboe ex C.Agardh) J.Agardh	1	Native
Rhodophyta	Halarachnion ligulatum (Woodward) Kützing	1	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Halurus equisetifolius (Lightfoot) Kützing	3	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Halurus flosculosus (J.Ellis) Maggs & Hommersand	7	Native
Rhodophyta	Herposiphonia secunda (C.Agardh) Ambronn	7	Native
Rhodophyta	Heterosiphonia crispella (C.Agardh) M.J.Wynne	10	Native
Rhodophyta	Hildenbrandia crouaniorum J.Agardh	3	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Hypnea arbuscula P.J.L.Dangeard	2	Native
Rhodophyta	Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux	25	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Hypnea spinella (C.Agardh) Kützing	10	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Hypoglossum heterocystideum (J.Agardh) J.Agardh	4	Introduced	New record
Rhodophyta	Jania capillacea Harvey	2	Native
Rhodophyta	Jania longifurca Zanardini	11	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Jania pedunculata var. adhaerens (J.V.Lamouroux) A.S.Harvey, Woelkerling & Reviers	2	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Jania pumila J.V.Lamouroux	2	Native
Rhodophyta	Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux	5	Native
Rhodophyta	Jania virgata (Zanardini) Montagne	4	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Kallymenia reniformis (Turner) J.Agardh	2	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Laurencia dendroidea J.Agardh	4	Introduced
Rhodophyta	Laurencia minuta Vandermeulen, Garbary & Guiry	1	Introduced
Rhodophyta	Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux	1	Native
Rhodophyta	Laurencia pyramidalis Bory ex Kützing	12	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Laurencia tenera C.K.Tseng	1	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Laurencia viridis Gil-Rodríguez & Haroun	4	Macaronesian endemism
Rhodophyta	Leptosiphonia brodiei (Dillwyn) A.M.Savoie & G.W.Saunders	1	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Liagora distenta (Mertens ex Roth) J.V.Lamouroux	7	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Liagora viscida (Forsskål) C.Agardh	3	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Lithophyllum incrustans Philippi	1	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Lomentaria articulata (Hudson) Lyngbye	22	Native
Rhodophyta	Melanothamnus harveyi (Bailey) Díaz-Tapia & Maggs	4	Introduced
Rhodophyta	Meredithia microphylla (J.Agardh) J.Agardh	8	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Mesophyllum expansum (Philippi) Cabioch & M.L.Mendoza	1	Native
Rhodophyta	Mesophyllum lichenoides (J.Ellis) Me.Lemoine	3	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Nemalion elminthoides (Velley) Batters	19	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Nitophyllum punctatum (Stackhouse) Greville	1	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Osmundea hybrida (A.P.de Candolle) K.W.Nam	1	Native
Rhodophyta	Osmundea oederi (Gunnerus) G.Furnari	5	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse	10	Native
Rhodophyta	Osmundea truncata (Kützing) K.W.Nam & Maggs	23	Native
Rhodophyta	Palisada patentiramea (Montagne) Cassano, Sentíes, Gil-Rodríguez & M.T.Fujii	2	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Peyssonnelia squamaria (S.G.Gmelin) Decaisne ex J.Agardh	4	Native
Rhodophyta	Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S.Dixon	5	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Phyllophora gelidioides P.Crouan & H.Crouan ex Karsakoff	1	Macaronesian endemism
Rhodophyta	Phymatolithon lenormandii (Areschoug) Adey	1	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Platoma cyclocolpum (Montagne) F.Schmitz	13	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Pleonosporium borreri (Smith) Nägeli	15	Native
Rhodophyta	Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) P.S.Dixon	13	Native
Rhodophyta	Polysiphonia ceramiiformis P.Crouan & H.Crouan	1	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Polysiphonia stricta (Mertens ex Dillwyn) Greville	1	Native
Rhodophyta	Predaea feldmannii subsp. azorica Gabriel	7	Azorean endemism
Rhodophyta	Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand	44	Native
Rhodophyta	Pterothamnion crispum (Ducluzeau) Nägeli	1	Native
Rhodophyta	Ptilothamnion pluma (Dillwyn) Thuret	2	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Rhodophyllis divaricata (Stackhouse) Papenfuss	1	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Rhodymenia holmesii Ardissone	7	Native
Rhodophyta	Rhodymenia pseudopalmata (J.V.Lamouroux) P.C.Silva	12	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Schizymenia apoda (J.Agardh) J.Agardh	3	Native
Rhodophyta	Scinaia interrupta (A.P.de Candolle) M.J.Wynne	30	Native
Rhodophyta	Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Stackhouse	7	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey	3	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Stypopodium zonale (J.V.Lamouroux) Papenfuss	2	Native	New record
Rhodophyta	Symphyocladia marchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg	5	Introduced
Rhodophyta	Vertebrata fruticulosa (Wulfen) Kuntze	12	Native
Rhodophyta	Vertebrata hypnoides (Welwitsch) Kuntze	4	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Vertebrata reptabunda (Suhr) Díaz-Tapia & Maggs	5	Uncertain
Rhodophyta	Vertebrata tripinnata (Harvey) Kuntze	2	Native
Rhodophyta	Xiphosiphonia pennata (C.Agardh) Savoie & G.W.Saunders	1	Native
Rhodophyta	Xiphosiphonia pinnulata (Kützing) Savoie & G.W.Saunders	2	Introduced
Rhodophyta	Yuzurua poiteaui (J.V.Lamouroux) Martin-Lescanne	5	Native	New record

Table 4.

Main taxonomic figures with information on the species origin and status.

Phyllum	Order	Family	Specimens Number	Total taxa	Total species	Native	Introduced	Uncertain	Macaronesian endemism	Azorean endemism	New record
Rhodophyta	17	41	1072	166	126	99	10	13	3	1	47
Chlorophyta	4	9	236	36	31	27	1	2	1		10
Ochrophyta	10	16	384	48	38	30	3	5			22
Total	31	66	1692	250	195	156	14	20	4	1	79

Many species were only sporadically recorded around the Island, but 12 were commonly found, namely: the Roth, (Woodward) C. Agardh, (Wulfen) J. V. Lamouroux, (S. G. Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand and (A. P. de Candolle) M. J. Wynne; the (Montagne) Kützing, C. Agradh and C. Agardh; and the (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier in Castagne, (Linnaeus) Sauvageau, (S. G. Gmelin) Kützing and (J. V. Lamouroux) Montagne.

A mismatch regarding the GBIF backbone taxonomy of some of the macroalgae species names was identified as detailed in Suppl. material 1.

DP-GRA-id_14140_normalized.csv

Macroalgae taxonomic mismatching

GBIF does not have the more actualised nomenclature for some of the macroalgae species names. Therefore, the matching tools of its platform were applied to the species list, as required by Pensoft's data auditor, to identify the problematic taxonomic situations. The resulting file (DP-GRA-id_14140_normalized.csv) is included here, since the names will not be immediately updated in the GBIF Taxonomic Backbone. A request was already sent to GBIF helpdesk to solve this situation.

File: oo_437509.csv

Rank	Scientific Name	Common Name
phylum	Rhodophyta	Red algae
phylum	Chlorophyta	Green algae
phylum	Ochrophyta	Brown algae

Data set 1.

Column label	Column description
Table of Sampling Events	Table with sampling events data (beginning of table)
eventID	Identifier of the event, unique for the dataset
country	Country of the sampling site
countryCode	Code of the country where the event occurred
stateProvince	Name of the region
island	Name of the island
municipality	Name of the municipality
locality	Name of the locality
locationID	Identifier of the location
decimalLatitude	The geographic latitude of the sampling site
decimalLongitude	The geographic longitude of the sampling site
geodeticDatum	The spatial reference system upon which the geographic coordinates are based
coordinateUncertaintyInMetres	The horizontal distance (in metres) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location
eventDate	Time interval when the event occurred
year	The year of the event
samplingProtocol	Sampling method used during an event
locationRemarks	Zonation level
minimumDepthInMetres	The minimum depth in metres where the specimen was found
maximumDepthInMetres	The maximum depth in metres where the specimen was found
eventRemarks	Notes about the event
Table of Species Occurrence	Table with species occurrence data (beginning of new table)
occurrenceID	Identifier of the record, coded as a global unique identifier
institutionID	The identifier for the institution having custody of the object or information referred to in the record
institutionCode	The acronym of the institution having custody of the object or information referred to in the record
collectionID	An identifier of the collection to which the record belongs
collectionCode	The name of the collection from which the record was derived
datasetName	The name identifying the dataset from which the record was derived
eventID	Identifier of the event, unique for the dataset
kingdom	Kingdom name
phyllum	Phylum name
class	Class name
order	Order name
family	Family name
genus	Genus name
specificEpithet	The name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName
infraspecificEpithet	The name of the lowest or terminal infraspecific epithet of the scientificName, excluding any rank designation
acceptedNameUsage	The specimen accepted name, with authorship
previousIdentifications	Previous name of the specimen, with authorship
scientificName	The name without authorship applied on the first identification of the specimen
basisOfRecord	The specific nature of the data record
habitat	Description of the habitat where the specimen was found
recordedBy	Person(s) responsible for sampling
catalogNumber	Identifying code for a unique sample lot in a biological collection
identifiedBy	Person(s) responsible for taxa identification
type	The nature of the resource
preparations	The preservation method used for the specimen
establishmentMeans	The establishment status of the organism in the study region
occurrenceRemarks	New record status assignment
licence	Reference to the licence under which the record is published