Study protocol: a multicentre, prospective, phase II trial of isotoxic hypofractionated concurrent chemoradiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with conventional fractionation has been acknowledged as one of the standard treatments for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The radiotherapy dose of 60 Gy is far from enough for local tumour control. Due to this fact, hypofractionated radiotherapy can shorten the total treatment duration, partially counteract the accelerated repopulation of tumour cells and deliver a higher biological effective dose, it has been increasingly used for NSCLC. In theory, concurrent hypofractionated chemoradiotherapy can result in an enhanced curative effect. To date, the vast majority of radiotherapy prescriptions assign a uniform radiotherapy dose to all patients. However this kind of uniform radiotherapy prescription may lead to two consequences: excess damage to normal tissues for large tumours and insufficient dose for small tumours. Our study aims to evaluate whether delivering individualised radiotherapy dose is feasible using intensity-modulated radiotherapy. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Our study of individualised radiotherapy is a multicenter phase II trial. From April 2019, a total of 30 patients from three Chinese centres, with a proven histological or cytological diagnosis of inoperable NSCLC, will be recruited. The dose of radiation will be increased until one or more of the organs at risk tolerance or the maximum dose of 69 Gy is reached. The primary end point is feasibility, with response rates, progression-free survival and overall survival as secondary end points. The concurrent chemotherapy regimen will be docetaxel plus lobaplatin. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has been approved by medical ethics committees from three research centres. The trial is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.The trial results will be disseminated through academic conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03606239. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is a prospective multicentre study.

Radiotherapy is delivered using hypofractionation, and individualised doses are prescribed to all patients.

Unified quality control is applied.

Radiotherapy is delivered using four-dimensional CT simulation only when it is available.

This is a single-arm study.

Introduction

Lung cancer ranks first worldwide among all malignant tumours in terms of incidence and mortality rates, while non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80%–85% of lung cancers.1 Concurrent chemoradiotherapy has been proven to be one of the standard treatments for locally advanced NSCLC.2 At present, a conventionally fractionated dose of 60 Gy is still recommended as the standard radiotherapy dose for concurrent chemoradiotherapy.3 A model study has shown that in the conventional fractionation mode, a dose of 84 Gy is required to achieve local control for more than 30 months.4 Moreover, it has been confirmed in the clinical application of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) that a biological effective dose (BED) of at least 100 Gy is required for stage I NSCLC.5 Therefore, a conventionally fractionated dose of 60 Gy, that is, the so-called ‘standard dose’, cannot achieve satisfactory local tumor control. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) conducted a radiotherapy dose escalation test. The phase I/II trial showed that a dose of 74 Gy was safe and effective.6 However, the results of the prospective, multicenter, randomised controlled study RTOG 0617 were disappointing. The high radiation dose (74 Gy) failed to improve the survival of the patients and increased the toxicity.3 One of the possible reasons that the high dose did not enhance survival is that the total treatment duration was overly long.7 One study reported that NSCLC cells began to undergo accelerated repopulation at 3 weeks after the start of radiotherapy, and an additional daily dose of 0.6 Gy was required to compensate for the loss of local control.8 Conventional fractionation of 74 Gy took 7.4 weeks to complete, which was 11 days longer than fractionation of 60 Gy. Therefore, conventional fractionation of 74 Gy may not be effective for improving BED. Hypofractionated radiotherapy shortens the total treatment duration and partially offsets the accelerated repopulation effect, thereby delivering high-dose radiation to the tumours in a short period of time, improving BED and strengthening local tumour control. In theory, hypofractionated radiotherapy concurrently combined with chemotherapy can enhance the curative effect.9 However, hypofractionated concurrent chemoradiotherapy increases adverse reactions. Therefore, balancing efficacy and safety to identify the appropriate radiotherapy dose is an urgent issue to address. Previously, we conducted a phase I/II clinical trial on hypofractionated radiotherapy (3 Gy/fraction) concurrent with chemotherapy. During the phase I trial, we recommended 69 Gy as the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), which was concurrently combined with vinorelbine and carboplatin in the phase II trial.10 However, only 12 patients were enrolled before the early termination of the trial. One of the important reasons was the severe, intolerable radiation-induced oesophagitis.11 After summarising and comparing the enrolled patients and the radiotherapy dose parameters in the phase I and phase II trials, we believe that administration of a uniform radiotherapy dose to all patients may give rise to the following two consequences due to tumour size differences and adjacent organs: First, for large tumours and/or tumours adjacent to important tissues, severe radiotherapy damage may occur, which is likely to prevent patients from completing the radiotherapy regimen. Second, for small tumours that are not adjacent to important organs, the radiotherapy dose may be insufficient, which causes a decrease in local control, and thus affects efficacy. Haslett et al12 had launched a trial using ‘isotoxic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)’, and IMRT was delivered with hyperfractionated radiotherapy without concurrent chemotherapy. The trial had completed recruitment of 35 patients in 2016. Radiotherapy doses all patients received were individually escalated until one or more of the organs at risk (OAR) tolerance or the maximum dose of 79.2 Gy was reached. This trial preliminarily proved the isotoxic radiotherapy was feasible. Our trial employs similar methods of isotoxic, individualised radiotherapy prescriptions to give patients the highest possible radiotherapy dose within normal tissue tolerance. Such an individualised prescription dose guided by the concept of ‘isotoxicity’ actually achieves radiotherapy dose escalation for tumours.13 The MTDs of normal tissue for lung cancer radiotherapy is mainly based on conventional fractionated irradiation. No guidelines of MTDs for normal tissues used in moderate hypofractionated radiotherapy are available.14 Since it is the first time that we have applied isotoxic dose escalation to hypofractionated radiotherapy, we have no standard that can be applied directly. We mainly refer to the MTDs of normal tissues in the published literature of hypofractionated radiotherapy,14–18 in addition to a combination of former clinical trials of hypofractionated concurrent chemoradiotherapy that we have previously carried out.10 11 The MTD was set for normal tissues in this study based on above data. In order to further ensure the safety of patients, as far as possible, while avoiding serious injury to patients caused by the inappropriate MTD of normal tissue, we also have considerations in the statistical design (details in Study Design). The set values will be verified in this study. To our knowledge, this is the first study in the world that applies the concept of isotoxicity in concurrent hypofractionated radiotherapy and chemotherapy to provide patients with an individualised radiotherapy dose.

Methods

Research goals

The primary endpoint of the present study is to explore the safety of an individualised radiotherapy dose in isotoxic hypofractionated concurrent chemoradiotherapy, as well as the incidence rates of radiation oesophagitis and radiation pneumonitis (grade III and higher) and other grade III and above non-haematologic toxicities. However, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting were not included. The secondary endpoints are to observe the overall response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), median survival time (MST) and overall survival (OS). The survival time was measured from the initiation of the concurrent radiochemotherapy until death due to any cause or the last follow-up event. Only the first treatment failure was considered as the reason for failure.11

Research design

The present study is a prospective, multicenter, phase II, open-label exploratory study. The study will be conducted in three hospitals in China, including The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, North China Petroleum Bureau General Hospital, Hebei Medical University and No.1 Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, and enrol patients who are 18–75 years of age and who have been definitively diagnosed with NSCLC by pathological or cytological examinations. The patients who meet the inclusion criteria will receive concurrent chemoradiotherapy. This study has been approved by medical ethics committees: Research Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ethics Committee of the North China Petroleum Bureau General Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Medical Research Ethics Committee of the No.1 Hospital of Shijiazhuang City.

Patient and public involvement statement

Patients or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting and dissemination plans of our research.

Research implementation

Patients will be comprehensively evaluated by thoracic surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists and related internists. Patients who meet the inclusion criteria will be fully informed of the details of the trial protocol by the radiation oncologists. The patients will be enrolled in the clinical trial after providing written informed consent. The details of this concurrent chemoradiotherapy regimen, the benefits and possible harms, the alternative regimens, ancillary and post-trial care, and the compensation to those who might suffer harm from trial participation etc are detailed listed in the Informed Consent. An English example of the model consent form is provided as an online supplemental file. The individualised radiotherapy dose will be determined based on the maximum irradiation tolerable dose of the normal tissues, including the lung, oesophagus, spinal cord, brachial plexus and heart (for details see tables 1 and 2). The maximum radiotherapy dose, namely, the prescription dose, is attained when the irradiation dose of any of the above normal tissues reaches the upper limit. If the irradiation dose of the normal tissues does not reach the upper limit, the maximum radiotherapy dose will be set to 69 Gy according to the results of our previous phase I trial.10 The trial duration for recruitment is expected for 3 years from 2019 to 2022. All the recruitment patients will be followed up for 5 years. For the first 2 years, they will be followed up every 3 months on the completion of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for the first 2 years. Then every half a year, to a maximum of up to 5 years. Follow-up includes physical examination, symptoms, blood routine, liver and kidney function, CT of the chest and CT, bone scan would be done if indicated clinically. Acute and late radiation toxicities continue to be recorded at each follow-up visit (according to the CTCAE V.5.0).

Individualised radiotherapy prescription

Radiotherapy doses all patients received are individually escalated until one or more of the OAR tolerance or the maximum dose of 69 Gy is reached. The patients will receive hypofractionated radiotherapy at 3 Gy/fraction. Individualised radiotherapy prescription is based on the irradiation doses of normal tissues (specified to a volume of 1 cm3). The total doses ranged from 45 to 69 Gy, 15 to 23 fractions. The dose per fraction (3 Gy/fraction) is fixed and not allowed to be changed. The MTDof normal tissues are shown in table 1. The maximum irradiation dose to the spinal cord is calculated in the concept of equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2) when the radiation exceeds 2 Gy/fraction (table 2).

Table 1

The maximum dose of radiation tolerated by normal tissues

Organ at risk	Prespecified normal tissue doses
Spinal canal PRV	Maximum dose ≤45 Gy, and each fraction ≤2 Gy
Lung (double gross tumour volume)	V20 ≤30%
	MLD ≤16 Gy
	V5 ≤65%
Oesophagus	Maximum dose ≤69 Gy
Heart	Maximum dose ≤70 Gy
	Mean≤30 Gy
	V40 ≤35%
Brachial plexus	Maximum dose ≤63 Gy

AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; cT4, clinical staging tumor4; MLD, mean lung dose; PRV, planning organ at risk volume.

Table 2

The maximum radiation dose tolerated by the spinal cord (EQD2)

Irradiated dose per fraction to spinal canal PRV	Fractions	Maximum dose	Integer number for fractions	Maximum dose of EQD2
2.1	21.01	44.12	21	44.1
2.2	19.67	43.27	19	41.8
2.3	18.46	42.45	18	41.4
2.4	17.36	41.67	17	40.8
2.5	16.36	40.91	16	40.0
2.6	15.45	40.18	15	39.0
2.7	14.62	39.47	14	37.8
2.8	13.85	38.79	13	36.4
2.9	13.15	38.14	13	37.7
3.0	12.5	37.5	12	36

1. This table is used when the dose per fraction irradiated to spinal canal PRV exceeds 2 Gy. 2. The α/β ratio is set to 3 Gy,34 35 and the fractionated dose is subjected to rounding.

EQD2, equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions; PRV, planning organ at risk volume.

The patients will be newly diagnosed with NSCLC by pathological or cytological examinations. The NSCLC will be stage III (clinical stage is determined using the 8th ed. of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual19), surgically unresectable (determined by a multidisciplinary team evaluation including thoracic surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, pathologists and radiologists) and unsuitable for SBRT/stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR). Patients with cT4 NSCLC who has invaded the oesophagus will be excluded.

The patient will be ≥18 years and ≤75 years of age.

The patients will have an estimated survival time of ≥3 months.

The patients will have a Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) Score ≥70.

The patients will have normal blood parameters and hepatorenal function.

The patients will have no serious medical diseases that need hospitalisation.

The patients will have a 1 s volume of ≥0.75 L in the static lung function test.20

Patients who are pregnant or lactating.

Patients who have received antitumor treatments.

Patients who have a history of malignant tumours.

Patients who have a KPS Score of <70 points.

Patients who have the following concurrent diseases: history of pulmonary fibrosis, myocardial infarction within 12 months, grade II and above heart failure, uncontrolled heart failure, uncontrolled chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and uncontrolled severe diabetes (evaluated by internal medicine specialists).

Patients who are unsuitable for hypofractionated concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

Fractionation mode: Moderate hypofractionation will be employed (3 Gy/fraction). One fraction will be administered every day from Monday to Friday (five fractions per week). No radiotherapy will be given to the patients on weekends with the exception of radiotherapy interruption occurrence. The patient will be treated on the weekend as compensation when unexpected radiotherapy fractions missed. In the ideal condition, the first fraction will be delivered on Monday. If the ideal condition cannot be reached, the radiotherapy process will include as few weekends as possible.

Radiotherapy technique: Inverse intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning will be employed. Volumetric modulated arc therapy, RapidArc and fixed-field IMRT are all applicable. In terms of fixed-field IMRT, at least five fields will be used. Ideal dose distribution: 100% of the prescribed dose will cover at least 95% of the planning target volume (PTV), and the lowest and highest acceptable doses (specified to a volume of 1 cm3) will be 93%–107% of the prescribed dose. Cone-beam CT will be conducted a minimum of once per week.

Respiratory control: Four-dimensional CT and respiratory gating are not mandatory due to the lack of relevant equipment in the two centres participating in the study. The patients will be instructed before the radiotherapy to breathe as calmly as possible.

Radiotherapy implementation: The patients will assume a supine position with their hands clasped on top of their heads. A thermoplastic body cast or vacuum cushion will be employed to immobilise the patients and properly restrict respiratory motion. A spiral CT scan will be performed in the treatment position (plain scan+enhancement, 3 mm layer thickness). Scan range: The upper boundary will be set to the annular cartilage (in special cases, the entire neck will be included in the scan). The lower boundary will include intact lungs and the lower edge of the liver. Image data will be input into the IMRT planning system. The target areas will be outlined in the plain-scan image sequences, and the enhanced image sequences in the arteriovenous phase will be merged for reference.

Delineation of the NSCLC target volumes21: The target volumes in the primary pulmonary lesion will be delineated in the lung window (−1600, 600 Hounsfield units (HU)), while the mediastinal target volumes will be delineated in the mediastinal window (400, 20 HU). Involved-field irradiation will be used, and elective nodal irradiation will be prohibited.16–18 The target volumes will be defined as follows. The gross tumour volume (GTV) will be defined as the primary pulmonary lesions and lymph nodes with a short diameter greater than 1 cm in the CT image or lymph nodes with a short diameter of 1 cm or less that are positive by positron emission tomography/CT or by biopsy pathology. The clinical target volume (CTV) will be defined as the GTV plus a margin of 6 mm (squamous cell carcinoma and non-adenocarcinomas) or 8 mm (adenocarcinoma). For metastatic lymph nodes, a margin of 3–5 mm will be added. The PTV will be defined as the CTV plus a margin of 10–15 mm, partly referring on the degree of respiratory movement observed in the simulator if it is applicable. The GTV will be determined by two radiation oncologists and one radiologist.

Delineation of normal tissues and organs: Radiotherapy physicists will outline body surface contours and OAR according to the RTOG standard.22 Radiation oncologists will then review the delineation, ensuring that no layer of oesophagus is included in the PTV.11

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy regimens

Radiotherapy quality control

Radiotherapy-related data of all patients in each centre should be uploaded to a database created by the PI’s organisation and managed by specific personnel. The data will include general clinical conditions, image data of the delineated target volumes, radiotherapy prescription, radiotherapy dose distribution, plan verification, adverse effects (AEs) and the management of AE, etc. The first 1–3 patients in each subcentre will be reviewed by the study chair and the chief medical physicists at the PI’s organisation. If no major deviations are detected, random inspection will be conducted on the treatment regimens for the remaining patients. If any major deviation is found in the treatment protocols of the first 1–3 patients, a preaudit system will be implemented. The radiotherapy plans developed by each centre will first be reviewed and/or modified by the PI and the chief medical physicists at the PI’s organisation. Radiotherapy will only be administered after the protocol requirements are met. If three consecutive cases are found to be compliant with the requirements, a preaudit will not be performed on the rest of the patients. The treatment data uploaded by each centre will be subjected to a retrospective audit. Study chair is responsible for access to the final trial dataset, and disclosure of contractual agreements.

Chemotherapy

Platinum-containing dual-drug regimen: docetaxel+lobaplatin.

The regimen will be administered as follows: docetaxel, 60 mg/m2, d1; lobaplatin, 30 mg/m2, d1; repeated every 28 days. The first cycle of chemotherapy will begin on the first day of radiotherapy.

Up to four cycles of consolidation chemotherapy will be performed after completion of the radiotherapy, using the same regimen as above.

Docetaxel doses are derived from Asian studies,23 24 while lobaplatin doses are derived from phase I–III clinical trials conducted in Chinese patients with NSCLC.25 26

Other therapy

Induced chemotherapies are permitted before the start of chemoradiotherapy and any other antitumour therapies are not permitted before the start and during of chemoradiotherapy. Supportive care to ensure the implementation of the chemoradiotherapy regimen is permitted during the treatment, including nutritional support via intravenous rehydration, use of GSF and antioesophagitis therapies, etc. Once progression disease happens during or after the completion of this concurrent chemoradiotherapy regimen of this trial or patients are withdrawn from this trial because of any reasons, subsequent antitumour therapies are permitted. The treatments are individualised decided by physicians in the trial centres.

Dose attenuation

Dose attenuations are implemented based on the most serious adverse events that occurred at any point after the start of treatment. Nonhaematological toxicities of grade III or higher occur (with the exception of grade III nausea, vomiting or weight loss), radiotherapy will be postponed until the toxicity will be resolved. In contrast, if adverse events occur that are unrelated to radiotherapy, such as peripheral neuropathy, the radiotherapy is continued but chemotherapy will be suspended. The chemotherapy is resumed after these adverse events dissipate. The following chemotherapy dose attenuation procedures are employed. In the event of grade III or grade IV thrombocytopenia, grade III or grade IV anaemia, grade IV neutropaenia, or grade III or grade IV nonhaematologic toxicities (except for grade III nausea, vomiting or weight loss), both radiotherapy and chemotherapy will be suspended until the toxicity are resolved. If the toxicity cannot be resolved within 2 weeks, the patient is withdrawn from the study. The docetaxel and lobaplatin doses of this patient’s subsequent chemotherapy cycle will be reduced by 25%, and the patient will receive prophylactic GSF treatment. If a patient exhibit grade III neutropaenia or grade II thrombocytopenia, chemotherapy is stopped but radiotherapy is continued. The docetaxel and lobaplatin doses of this patient’s subsequent chemotherapy cycle remain unchanged, and the patient will receive prophylactic G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) treatment.10

Statistical design

The Simon design is employed in our phase II study.27 The primary endpoint is safety, including determining the incidence rates of severe radiation-induced oesophagitis and pneumonitis. Therefore, oesophageal and pulmonary toxicity will be simultaneously considered. An acceptable incidence rate of grade III and higher radiation oesophagitis will be 15%, whereas an incidence rate of 30% will not be acceptable. The acceptable incidence rate of grade III and higher radiation pneumonitis will be 8.5%, whereas an incidence rate of 22.5% will be unacceptable. The statistical power will be 85%, and the α value will be set at 0.15. Based on the above standards, the sample number, calculated using PASS V.11.0, will be 30.

The present study is a two-stage phase II clinical trial.27 The following situations will result in early termination of the trial:

In the first stage, 12 patients will be enrolled. The following situations will result in early termination of the trial:

Occurrence of radiation pneumonitis of grade III and higher in 4/12 or more patients.

Occurrence of radiation oesophagitis of grade IV and higher in 4/12 or more patients, and/or grade III radiation oesophagitis causes an interruption of the radiotherapy for more than 1 week.

Patients in each centre who develop the conditions described in ‘A’ or ‘B’ will be reported to the PI of the group leader’s organisation for confirmation. Grade III radiation oesophagitis may not show dose-limiting toxicity. When grade III radiation oesophagitis occurs, clinical intervention will be actively carried out to minimise its impaction radiotherapy and avoid an interruption in radiotherapy for more than 7 days.

The second stage: If early termination does not occur at 3 months after the last patient enrolled in the first stage completes radiotherapy, 18 more patients will be enrolled to further examine toxicity and efficacy. A total of 30 patients will be enrolled.

The second endpoints, including PFS, MST and OS, will be analysed using the SPSS V.19.0 bio-statistical software package. The survival data will be evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Study chair (X-YX) will decide the interim analyses (the first stage of this trial) and make the final decision to terminate the trial if applicable.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by medical ethics committees: Research Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ethics Committee of the North China Petroleum Bureau General Hospital affiliated to Hebei Medical University and Medical Research Ethics Committee of the No.1 Hospital of Shijiazhuang. The trial is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The trial results will be actively disseminated through academic conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications.

Individual participant data (IPD) sharing statement:

Plan to share IPD: After the publication of this study, we could share the IPD. However, this sharing is limited to academic research.

Person to be contacted: Study chair, X-YX.

Contact information: zyy_lq@petrochina.com.cn

Discussion

It is generally believed that NSCLC cells begin to undergo accelerated repopulation in the 3rd–4th weeks of radiotherapy. Therefore, radiotherapy of more than 4 weeks has a reduced killing effect on tumour cells.8 Shortening the total treatment time of radiotherapy is one of the key factors to improving the efficacy.

Accelerated radiotherapy, that is, capable of shortening the total treatment duration generally has two modes. The first, hyperfractionated radiotherapy, is represented by continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART)28 and CHART weekend less29 and has achieved good clinical outcomes. The second, hypofractionated radiotherapy, is represented by the SOCCAR trial16 and a study conducted in the Netherlands.17 Both studies used a single-fractionation dose of 2.75 Gy and achieved good survival results. However, most of the published studies to date and ongoing clinical trials adopted a uniform prescription dose. Namely, all patients were given the same radiotherapy dose, regardless of the tumour size and adjacent location to vital organs. We have entered the era of precision treatment. Stage III NSCLC is a heterogeneous disease characterised by substage differences (IIIA, IIIB and IIIC), lymph node N2 classification (single or multiple fusions), tumour location and adjacency to vital organs. To treat tumours with high degrees of heterogeneity, individualised radiotherapy should be administered. However, the criteria for determining the individualised prescription doses remain to be defined in clinical practice. The MAASTRO group proposed the concept of ‘isotoxicity’ in hyperfractionated therapy. Namely, patients are given different radiotherapy doses according to the maximum radiotherapy dose that can be tolerated by their vital organs. The maximum radiotherapy doses tolerated to the normal tissues are preseted. The highest radiotherapy dose within this range is administered to each patient. The series of studies conducted by the MAASTRO group, which included a model study, feasibility study and long-term follow-up of survival, all proved that ‘isotoxic’ prescription doses were safe and effective.30–32 However, hypofractionation has radiobiological effects different from hyperfractionation, and the currently used so-called normal tissue limits are mostly derived from conventional fractionated irradiation. There is currently no evidence whether the ‘isotoxicity’ concept is suitable for hypofractionated irradiation.

The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines clearly state that the physical dose of radiation tolerable to normal tissues declines as the single-fraction dose in SBRT/SABR increases.33 Because the single-fraction dose is very high in SBRT/SABR (up to 22 Gy/fraction) and the modified SBRT/SABR uses a single-fraction dose of 7–10 Gy, normal tissue limits are strictly enforced in SBRT/SABR. However, the radiobiological effect of SBRT/SABR is different from that of moderate hypofractionation. Therefore, direct application of the SBRT/SABR-derived normal tissue limits in moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy may cause difficulty in dose escalation.

There are no definitive data regarding moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy, especially when it is combined with concurrent chemotherapy. Therefore, using the ‘isotoxicity’ concept of hyperfractionation and certain hypofractionated radiotherapy studies as reference, we propose a regimen based on the MTD in normal tissues (tables 1 and 2). We plan to conduct this phase II clinical trial to verify the safety of our regimen. For certain organs, such as the spinal cord, we convert the radiation dose received to EQD2 to ensure its safety to the maximum extent possible.34 35

If our hypothesis is confirmed in the phase II trial, isotoxic, individualised radiotherapy regimens will be examined in phase III randomised controlled trials and compared with conventional fractionated irradiation, which will provide high-level evidence for concurrent moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy and chemotherapy.