T G Downes1, J R van Meter2,3, E Knill3, G J Milburn1, C M Caves1,4. 1. Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. 2. Department of Mathematics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA. 3. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, USA. 4. Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, MSC07-4220, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA.
Abstract
We describe a quantum limit to measurement of classical spacetimes. Specifically, we formulate a quantum Cramér-Rao lower bound for estimating the single parameter in any one-parameter family of spacetime metrics. We employ the locally covariant formulation of quantum field theory in curved spacetime, which allows for a manifestly background-independent derivation. The result is an uncertainty relation that applies to all globally hyperbolic spacetimes. Among other examples, we apply our method to detection of gravitational waves with the electromagnetic field as a probe, as in laser-interferometric gravitational-wave detectors. Other applications are discussed, from terrestrial gravimetry to cosmology.
We describe a quantum limit to measurement of classical spacetimes. Specifically, we formulate a quantum Cramér-Rao lower bound for estimating the single parameter in any one-parameter family of spacetime metrics. We employ the locally covariant formulation of quantum field theory in curved spacetime, which allows for a manifestly background-independent derivation. The result is an uncertainty relation that applies to all globally hyperbolic spacetimes. Among other examples, we apply our method to detection of gravitational waves with the electromagnetic field as a probe, as in laser-interferometric gravitational-wave detectors. Other applications are discussed, from terrestrial gravimetry to cosmology.
Authors: B P Abbott; R Abbott; T D Abbott; M R Abernathy; F Acernese; K Ackley; C Adams; T Adams; P Addesso; R X Adhikari; V B Adya; C Affeldt; M Agathos; K Agatsuma; N Aggarwal; O D Aguiar; L Aiello; A Ain; P Ajith; B Allen; A Allocca; P A Altin; S B Anderson; W G Anderson; K Arai; M A Arain; M C Araya; C C Arceneaux; J S Areeda; N Arnaud; K G Arun; S Ascenzi; G Ashton; M Ast; S M Aston; P Astone; P Aufmuth; C Aulbert; S Babak; P Bacon; M K M Bader; P T Baker; F Baldaccini; G Ballardin; S W Ballmer; J C Barayoga; S E Barclay; B C Barish; D Barker; F Barone; B Barr; L Barsotti; M Barsuglia; D Barta; J Bartlett; M A Barton; I Bartos; R Bassiri; A Basti; J C Batch; C Baune; V Bavigadda; M Bazzan; B Behnke; M Bejger; C Belczynski; A S Bell; C J Bell; B K Berger; J Bergman; G Bergmann; C P L Berry; D Bersanetti; A Bertolini; J Betzwieser; S Bhagwat; R Bhandare; I A Bilenko; G Billingsley; J Birch; R Birney; O Birnholtz; S Biscans; A Bisht; M Bitossi; C Biwer; M A Bizouard; J K Blackburn; C D Blair; D G Blair; R M Blair; S Bloemen; O Bock; T P Bodiya; M Boer; G Bogaert; C Bogan; A Bohe; P Bojtos; C Bond; F Bondu; R Bonnand; B A Boom; R Bork; V Boschi; S Bose; Y Bouffanais; A Bozzi; C Bradaschia; P R Brady; V B Braginsky; M Branchesi; J E Brau; T Briant; A Brillet; M Brinkmann; V Brisson; P Brockill; A F Brooks; D A Brown; D D Brown; N M Brown; C C Buchanan; A Buikema; T Bulik; H J Bulten; A Buonanno; D Buskulic; C Buy; R L Byer; M Cabero; L Cadonati; G Cagnoli; C Cahillane; J Calderón Bustillo; T Callister; E Calloni; J B Camp; K C Cannon; J Cao; C D Capano; E Capocasa; F Carbognani; S Caride; J Casanueva Diaz; C Casentini; S Caudill; M Cavaglià; F Cavalier; R Cavalieri; G Cella; C B Cepeda; L Cerboni Baiardi; G Cerretani; E Cesarini; R Chakraborty; T Chalermsongsak; S J Chamberlin; M Chan; S Chao; P Charlton; E Chassande-Mottin; H Y Chen; Y Chen; C Cheng; A Chincarini; A Chiummo; H S Cho; M Cho; J H Chow; N Christensen; Q Chu; S Chua; S Chung; G Ciani; F Clara; J A Clark; F Cleva; E Coccia; P-F Cohadon; A Colla; C G Collette; L Cominsky; M Constancio; A Conte; L Conti; D Cook; T R Corbitt; N Cornish; A Corsi; S Cortese; C A Costa; M W Coughlin; S B Coughlin; J-P Coulon; S T Countryman; P Couvares; E E Cowan; D M Coward; M J Cowart; D C Coyne; R Coyne; K Craig; J D E Creighton; T D Creighton; J Cripe; S G Crowder; A M Cruise; A Cumming; L Cunningham; E Cuoco; T Dal Canton; S L Danilishin; S D'Antonio; K Danzmann; N S Darman; C F Da Silva Costa; V Dattilo; I Dave; H P Daveloza; M Davier; G S Davies; E J Daw; R Day; S De; D DeBra; G Debreczeni; J Degallaix; M De Laurentis; S Deléglise; W Del Pozzo; T Denker; T Dent; H Dereli; V Dergachev; R T DeRosa; R De Rosa; R DeSalvo; S Dhurandhar; M C Díaz; L Di Fiore; M Di Giovanni; A Di Lieto; S Di Pace; I Di Palma; A Di Virgilio; G Dojcinoski; V Dolique; F Donovan; K L Dooley; S Doravari; R Douglas; T P Downes; M Drago; R W P Drever; J C Driggers; Z Du; M Ducrot; S E Dwyer; T B Edo; M C Edwards; A Effler; H-B Eggenstein; P Ehrens; J Eichholz; S S Eikenberry; W Engels; R C Essick; T Etzel; M Evans; T M Evans; R Everett; M Factourovich; V Fafone; H Fair; S Fairhurst; X Fan; Q Fang; S Farinon; B Farr; W M Farr; M Favata; M Fays; H Fehrmann; M M Fejer; D Feldbaum; I Ferrante; E C Ferreira; F Ferrini; F Fidecaro; L S Finn; I Fiori; D Fiorucci; R P Fisher; R Flaminio; M Fletcher; H Fong; J-D Fournier; S Franco; S Frasca; F Frasconi; M Frede; Z Frei; A Freise; R Frey; V Frey; T T Fricke; P Fritschel; V V Frolov; P Fulda; M Fyffe; H A G Gabbard; J R Gair; L Gammaitoni; S G Gaonkar; F Garufi; A Gatto; G Gaur; N Gehrels; G Gemme; B Gendre; E Genin; A Gennai; J George; L Gergely; V Germain; Abhirup Ghosh; Archisman Ghosh; S Ghosh; J A Giaime; K D Giardina; A Giazotto; K Gill; A Glaefke; J R Gleason; E Goetz; R Goetz; L Gondan; G González; J M Gonzalez Castro; A Gopakumar; N A Gordon; M L Gorodetsky; S E Gossan; M Gosselin; R Gouaty; C Graef; P B Graff; M Granata; A Grant; S Gras; C Gray; G Greco; A C Green; R J S Greenhalgh; P Groot; H Grote; S Grunewald; G M Guidi; X Guo; A Gupta; M K Gupta; K E Gushwa; E K Gustafson; R Gustafson; J J Hacker; B R Hall; E D Hall; G Hammond; M Haney; M M Hanke; J Hanks; C Hanna; M D Hannam; J Hanson; T Hardwick; J Harms; G M Harry; I W Harry; M J Hart; M T Hartman; C-J Haster; K Haughian; J Healy; J Heefner; A Heidmann; M C Heintze; G Heinzel; H Heitmann; P Hello; G Hemming; M Hendry; I S Heng; J Hennig; A W Heptonstall; M Heurs; S Hild; D Hoak; K A Hodge; D Hofman; S E Hollitt; K Holt; D E Holz; P Hopkins; D J Hosken; J Hough; E A Houston; E J Howell; Y M Hu; S Huang; E A Huerta; D Huet; B Hughey; S Husa; S H Huttner; T Huynh-Dinh; A Idrisy; N Indik; D R Ingram; R Inta; H N Isa; J-M Isac; M Isi; G Islas; T Isogai; B R Iyer; K Izumi; M B Jacobson; T Jacqmin; H Jang; K Jani; P Jaranowski; S Jawahar; F Jiménez-Forteza; W W Johnson; N K Johnson-McDaniel; D I Jones; R Jones; R J G Jonker; L Ju; K Haris; C V Kalaghatgi; V Kalogera; S Kandhasamy; G Kang; J B Kanner; S Karki; M Kasprzack; E Katsavounidis; W Katzman; S Kaufer; T Kaur; K Kawabe; F Kawazoe; F Kéfélian; M S Kehl; D Keitel; D B Kelley; W Kells; R Kennedy; D G Keppel; J S Key; A Khalaidovski; F Y Khalili; I Khan; S Khan; Z Khan; E A Khazanov; N Kijbunchoo; C Kim; J Kim; K Kim; Nam-Gyu Kim; Namjun Kim; Y-M Kim; E J King; P J King; D L Kinzel; J S Kissel; L Kleybolte; S Klimenko; S M Koehlenbeck; K Kokeyama; S Koley; V Kondrashov; A Kontos; S Koranda; M Korobko; W Z Korth; I Kowalska; D B Kozak; V Kringel; B Krishnan; A Królak; C Krueger; G Kuehn; P Kumar; R Kumar; L Kuo; A Kutynia; P Kwee; B D Lackey; M Landry; J Lange; B Lantz; P D Lasky; A Lazzarini; C Lazzaro; P Leaci; S Leavey; E O Lebigot; C H Lee; H K Lee; H M Lee; K Lee; A Lenon; M Leonardi; J R Leong; N Leroy; N Letendre; Y Levin; B M Levine; T G F Li; A Libson; T B Littenberg; N A Lockerbie; J Logue; A L Lombardi; L T London; J E Lord; M Lorenzini; V Loriette; M Lormand; G Losurdo; J D Lough; C O Lousto; G Lovelace; H Lück; A P Lundgren; J Luo; R Lynch; Y Ma; T MacDonald; B Machenschalk; M MacInnis; D M Macleod; F Magaña-Sandoval; R M Magee; M Mageswaran; E Majorana; I Maksimovic; V Malvezzi; N Man; I Mandel; V Mandic; V Mangano; G L Mansell; M Manske; M Mantovani; F Marchesoni; F Marion; S Márka; Z Márka; A S Markosyan; E Maros; F Martelli; L Martellini; I W Martin; R M Martin; D V Martynov; J N Marx; K Mason; A Masserot; T J Massinger; M Masso-Reid; F Matichard; L Matone; N Mavalvala; N Mazumder; G Mazzolo; R McCarthy; D E McClelland; S McCormick; S C McGuire; G McIntyre; J McIver; D J McManus; S T McWilliams; D Meacher; G D Meadors; J Meidam; A Melatos; G Mendell; D Mendoza-Gandara; R A Mercer; E Merilh; M Merzougui; S Meshkov; C Messenger; C Messick; P M Meyers; F Mezzani; H Miao; C Michel; H Middleton; E E Mikhailov; L Milano; J Miller; M Millhouse; Y Minenkov; J Ming; S Mirshekari; C Mishra; S Mitra; V P Mitrofanov; G Mitselmakher; R Mittleman; A Moggi; M Mohan; S R P Mohapatra; M Montani; B C Moore; C J Moore; D Moraru; G Moreno; S R Morriss; K Mossavi; B Mours; C M Mow-Lowry; C L Mueller; G Mueller; A W Muir; Arunava Mukherjee; D Mukherjee; S Mukherjee; N Mukund; A Mullavey; J Munch; D J Murphy; P G Murray; A Mytidis; I Nardecchia; L Naticchioni; R K Nayak; V Necula; K Nedkova; G Nelemans; M Neri; A Neunzert; G Newton; T T Nguyen; A B Nielsen; S Nissanke; A Nitz; F Nocera; D Nolting; M E N Normandin; L K Nuttall; J Oberling; E Ochsner; J O'Dell; E Oelker; G H Ogin; J J Oh; S H Oh; F Ohme; M Oliver; P Oppermann; Richard J Oram; B O'Reilly; R O'Shaughnessy; C D Ott; D J Ottaway; R S Ottens; H Overmier; B J Owen; A Pai; S A Pai; J R Palamos; O Palashov; C Palomba; A Pal-Singh; H Pan; Y Pan; C Pankow; F Pannarale; B C Pant; F Paoletti; A Paoli; M A Papa; H R Paris; W Parker; D Pascucci; A Pasqualetti; R Passaquieti; D Passuello; B Patricelli; Z Patrick; B L Pearlstone; M Pedraza; R Pedurand; L Pekowsky; A Pele; S Penn; A Perreca; H P Pfeiffer; M Phelps; O Piccinni; M Pichot; M Pickenpack; F Piergiovanni; V Pierro; G Pillant; L Pinard; I M Pinto; M Pitkin; J H Poeld; R Poggiani; P Popolizio; A Post; J Powell; J Prasad; V Predoi; S S Premachandra; T Prestegard; L R Price; M Prijatelj; M Principe; S Privitera; R Prix; G A Prodi; L Prokhorov; O Puncken; M Punturo; P Puppo; M Pürrer; H Qi; J Qin; V Quetschke; E A Quintero; R Quitzow-James; F J Raab; D S Rabeling; H Radkins; P Raffai; S Raja; M Rakhmanov; C R Ramet; P Rapagnani; V Raymond; M Razzano; V Re; J Read; C M Reed; T Regimbau; L Rei; S Reid; D H Reitze; H Rew; S D Reyes; F Ricci; K Riles; N A Robertson; R Robie; F Robinet; A Rocchi; L Rolland; J G Rollins; V J Roma; J D Romano; R Romano; G Romanov; J H Romie; D Rosińska; S Rowan; A Rüdiger; P Ruggi; K Ryan; S Sachdev; T Sadecki; L Sadeghian; L Salconi; M Saleem; F Salemi; A Samajdar; L Sammut; L M Sampson; E J Sanchez; V Sandberg; B Sandeen; G H Sanders; J R Sanders; B Sassolas; B S Sathyaprakash; P R Saulson; O Sauter; R L Savage; A Sawadsky; P Schale; R Schilling; J Schmidt; P Schmidt; R Schnabel; R M S Schofield; A Schönbeck; E Schreiber; D Schuette; B F Schutz; J Scott; S M Scott; D Sellers; A S Sengupta; D Sentenac; V Sequino; A Sergeev; G Serna; Y Setyawati; A Sevigny; D A Shaddock; T Shaffer; S Shah; M S Shahriar; M Shaltev; Z Shao; B Shapiro; P Shawhan; A Sheperd; D H Shoemaker; D M Shoemaker; K Siellez; X Siemens; D Sigg; A D Silva; D Simakov; A Singer; L P Singer; A Singh; R Singh; A Singhal; A M Sintes; B J J Slagmolen; J R Smith; M R Smith; N D Smith; R J E Smith; E J Son; B Sorazu; F Sorrentino; T Souradeep; A K Srivastava; A Staley; M Steinke; J Steinlechner; S Steinlechner; D Steinmeyer; B C Stephens; S P Stevenson; R Stone; K A Strain; N Straniero; G Stratta; N A Strauss; S Strigin; R Sturani; A L Stuver; T Z Summerscales; L Sun; P J Sutton; B L Swinkels; M J Szczepańczyk; M Tacca; D Talukder; D B Tanner; M Tápai; S P Tarabrin; A Taracchini; R Taylor; T Theeg; M P Thirugnanasambandam; E G Thomas; M Thomas; P Thomas; K A Thorne; K S Thorne; E Thrane; S Tiwari; V Tiwari; K V Tokmakov; C Tomlinson; M Tonelli; C V Torres; C I Torrie; D Töyrä; F Travasso; G Traylor; D Trifirò; M C Tringali; L Trozzo; M Tse; M Turconi; D Tuyenbayev; D Ugolini; C S Unnikrishnan; A L Urban; S A Usman; H Vahlbruch; G Vajente; G Valdes; M Vallisneri; N van Bakel; M van Beuzekom; J F J van den Brand; C Van Den Broeck; D C Vander-Hyde; L van der Schaaf; J V van Heijningen; A A van Veggel; M Vardaro; S Vass; M Vasúth; R Vaulin; A Vecchio; G Vedovato; J Veitch; P J Veitch; K Venkateswara; D Verkindt; F Vetrano; A Viceré; S Vinciguerra; D J Vine; J-Y Vinet; S Vitale; T Vo; H Vocca; C Vorvick; D Voss; W D Vousden; S P Vyatchanin; A R Wade; L E Wade; M Wade; S J Waldman; M Walker; L Wallace; S Walsh; G Wang; H Wang; M Wang; X Wang; Y Wang; H Ward; R L Ward; J Warner; M Was; B Weaver; L-W Wei; M Weinert; A J Weinstein; R Weiss; T Welborn; L Wen; P Weßels; T Westphal; K Wette; J T Whelan; S E Whitcomb; D J White; B F Whiting; K Wiesner; C Wilkinson; P A Willems; L Williams; R D Williams; A R Williamson; J L Willis; B Willke; M H Wimmer; L Winkelmann; W Winkler; C C Wipf; A G Wiseman; H Wittel; G Woan; J Worden; J L Wright; G Wu; J Yablon; I Yakushin; W Yam; H Yamamoto; C C Yancey; M J Yap; H Yu; M Yvert; A Zadrożny; L Zangrando; M Zanolin; J-P Zendri; M Zevin; F Zhang; L Zhang; M Zhang; Y Zhang; C Zhao; M Zhou; Z Zhou; X J Zhu; M E Zucker; S E Zuraw; J Zweizig Journal: Phys Rev Lett Date: 2016-02-11 Impact factor: 9.161
Authors: B P Abbott; R Abbott; T D Abbott; M R Abernathy; F Acernese; K Ackley; C Adams; T Adams; P Addesso; R X Adhikari; V B Adya; C Affeldt; M Agathos; K Agatsuma; N Aggarwal; O D Aguiar; L Aiello; A Ain; P Ajith; B Allen; A Allocca; P A Altin; S B Anderson; W G Anderson; K Arai; M C Araya; C C Arceneaux; J S Areeda; N Arnaud; K G Arun; S Ascenzi; G Ashton; M Ast; S M Aston; P Astone; P Aufmuth; C Aulbert; S Babak; P Bacon; M K M Bader; P T Baker; F Baldaccini; G Ballardin; S W Ballmer; J C Barayoga; S E Barclay; B C Barish; D Barker; F Barone; B Barr; L Barsotti; M Barsuglia; D Barta; J Bartlett; I Bartos; R Bassiri; A Basti; J C Batch; C Baune; V Bavigadda; M Bazzan; M Bejger; A S Bell; B K Berger; G Bergmann; C P L Berry; D Bersanetti; A Bertolini; J Betzwieser; S Bhagwat; R Bhandare; I A Bilenko; G Billingsley; J Birch; R Birney; O Birnholtz; S Biscans; A Bisht; M Bitossi; C Biwer; M A Bizouard; J K Blackburn; C D Blair; D G Blair; R M Blair; S Bloemen; O Bock; M Boer; G Bogaert; C Bogan; A Bohe; C Bond; F Bondu; R Bonnand; B A Boom; R Bork; V Boschi; S Bose; Y Bouffanais; A Bozzi; C Bradaschia; P R Brady; V B Braginsky; M Branchesi; J E Brau; T Briant; A Brillet; M Brinkmann; V Brisson; P Brockill; J E Broida; A F Brooks; D A Brown; D D Brown; N M Brown; S Brunett; C C Buchanan; A Buikema; T Bulik; H J Bulten; A Buonanno; D Buskulic; C Buy; R L Byer; M Cabero; L Cadonati; G Cagnoli; C Cahillane; J Calderón Bustillo; T Callister; E Calloni; J B Camp; K C Cannon; J Cao; C D Capano; E Capocasa; F Carbognani; S Caride; J Casanueva Diaz; C Casentini; S Caudill; M Cavaglià; F Cavalier; R Cavalieri; G Cella; C B Cepeda; L Cerboni Baiardi; G Cerretani; E Cesarini; S J Chamberlin; M Chan; S Chao; P Charlton; E Chassande-Mottin; B D Cheeseboro; H Y Chen; Y Chen; C Cheng; A Chincarini; A Chiummo; H S Cho; M Cho; J H Chow; N Christensen; Q Chu; S Chua; S Chung; G Ciani; F Clara; J A Clark; F Cleva; E Coccia; P-F Cohadon; A Colla; C G Collette; L Cominsky; M Constancio; A Conte; L Conti; D Cook; T R Corbitt; N Cornish; A Corsi; S Cortese; C A Costa; M W Coughlin; S B Coughlin; J-P Coulon; S T Countryman; P Couvares; E E Cowan; D M Coward; M J Cowart; D C Coyne; R Coyne; K Craig; J D E Creighton; J Cripe; S G Crowder; A Cumming; L Cunningham; E Cuoco; T Dal Canton; S L Danilishin; S D'Antonio; K Danzmann; N S Darman; A Dasgupta; C F Da Silva Costa; V Dattilo; I Dave; M Davier; G S Davies; E J Daw; R Day; S De; D DeBra; G Debreczeni; J Degallaix; M De Laurentis; S Deléglise; W Del Pozzo; T Denker; T Dent; V Dergachev; R De Rosa; R T DeRosa; R DeSalvo; R C Devine; S Dhurandhar; M C Díaz; L Di Fiore; M Di Giovanni; T Di Girolamo; A Di Lieto; S Di Pace; I Di Palma; A Di Virgilio; V Dolique; F Donovan; K L Dooley; S Doravari; R Douglas; T P Downes; M Drago; R W P Drever; J C Driggers; M Ducrot; S E Dwyer; T B Edo; M C Edwards; A Effler; H-B Eggenstein; P Ehrens; J Eichholz; S S Eikenberry; W Engels; R C Essick; T Etzel; M Evans; T M Evans; R Everett; M Factourovich; V Fafone; H Fair; S Fairhurst; X Fan; Q Fang; S Farinon; B Farr; W M Farr; M Favata; M Fays; H Fehrmann; M M Fejer; E Fenyvesi; I Ferrante; E C Ferreira; F Ferrini; F Fidecaro; I Fiori; D Fiorucci; R P Fisher; R Flaminio; M Fletcher; H Fong; J-D Fournier; S Frasca; F Frasconi; Z Frei; A Freise; R Frey; V Frey; P Fritschel; V V Frolov; P Fulda; M Fyffe; H A G Gabbard; J R Gair; L Gammaitoni; S G Gaonkar; F Garufi; G Gaur; N Gehrels; G Gemme; P Geng; E Genin; A Gennai; J George; L Gergely; V Germain; Abhirup Ghosh; Archisman Ghosh; S Ghosh; J A Giaime; K D Giardina; A Giazotto; K Gill; A Glaefke; E Goetz; R Goetz; L Gondan; G González; J M Gonzalez Castro; A Gopakumar; N A Gordon; M L Gorodetsky; S E Gossan; M Gosselin; R Gouaty; A Grado; C Graef; P B Graff; M Granata; A Grant; S Gras; C Gray; G Greco; A C Green; P Groot; H Grote; S Grunewald; G M Guidi; X Guo; A Gupta; M K Gupta; K E Gushwa; E K Gustafson; R Gustafson; J J Hacker; B R Hall; E D Hall; H Hamilton; G Hammond; M Haney; M M Hanke; J Hanks; C Hanna; M D Hannam; J Hanson; T Hardwick; J Harms; G M Harry; I W Harry; M J Hart; M T Hartman; C-J Haster; K Haughian; J Healy; A Heidmann; M C Heintze; H Heitmann; P Hello; G Hemming; M Hendry; I S Heng; J Hennig; J Henry; A W Heptonstall; M Heurs; S Hild; D Hoak; D Hofman; K Holt; D E Holz; P Hopkins; J Hough; E A Houston; E J Howell; Y M Hu; S Huang; E A Huerta; D Huet; B Hughey; S Husa; S H Huttner; T Huynh-Dinh; N Indik; D R Ingram; R Inta; H N Isa; J-M Isac; M Isi; T Isogai; B R Iyer; K Izumi; T Jacqmin; H Jang; K Jani; P Jaranowski; S Jawahar; L Jian; F Jiménez-Forteza; W W Johnson; N K Johnson-McDaniel; D I Jones; R Jones; R J G Jonker; L Ju; Haris K; C V Kalaghatgi; V Kalogera; S Kandhasamy; G Kang; J B Kanner; S J Kapadia; S Karki; K S Karvinen; M Kasprzack; E Katsavounidis; W Katzman; S Kaufer; T Kaur; K Kawabe; F Kéfélian; M S Kehl; D Keitel; D B Kelley; W Kells; R Kennedy; J S Key; F Y Khalili; I Khan; S Khan; Z Khan; E A Khazanov; N Kijbunchoo; Chi-Woong Kim; Chunglee Kim; J Kim; K Kim; N Kim; W Kim; Y-M Kim; S J Kimbrell; E J King; P J King; J S Kissel; B Klein; L Kleybolte; S Klimenko; S M Koehlenbeck; S Koley; V Kondrashov; A Kontos; M Korobko; W Z Korth; I Kowalska; D B Kozak; V Kringel; B Krishnan; A Królak; C Krueger; G Kuehn; P Kumar; R Kumar; L Kuo; A Kutynia; B D Lackey; M Landry; J Lange; B Lantz; P D Lasky; M Laxen; A Lazzarini; C Lazzaro; P Leaci; S Leavey; E O Lebigot; C H Lee; H K Lee; H M Lee; K Lee; A Lenon; M Leonardi; J R Leong; N Leroy; N Letendre; Y Levin; J B Lewis; T G F Li; A Libson; T B Littenberg; N A Lockerbie; A L Lombardi; L T London; J E Lord; M Lorenzini; V Loriette; M Lormand; G Losurdo; J D Lough; C O Lousto; H Lück; A P Lundgren; R Lynch; Y Ma; B Machenschalk; M MacInnis; D M Macleod; F Magaña-Sandoval; L Magaña Zertuche; R M Magee; E Majorana; I Maksimovic; V Malvezzi; N Man; I Mandel; V Mandic; V Mangano; G L Mansell; M Manske; M Mantovani; F Marchesoni; F Marion; S Márka; Z Márka; A S Markosyan; E Maros; F Martelli; L Martellini; I W Martin; D V Martynov; J N Marx; K Mason; A Masserot; T J Massinger; M Masso-Reid; S Mastrogiovanni; F Matichard; L Matone; N Mavalvala; N Mazumder; R McCarthy; D E McClelland; S McCormick; S C McGuire; G McIntyre; J McIver; D J McManus; T McRae; S T McWilliams; D Meacher; G D Meadors; J Meidam; A Melatos; G Mendell; R A Mercer; E L Merilh; M Merzougui; S Meshkov; C Messenger; C Messick; R Metzdorff; P M Meyers; F Mezzani; H Miao; C Michel; H Middleton; E E Mikhailov; L Milano; A L Miller; A Miller; B B Miller; J Miller; M Millhouse; Y Minenkov; J Ming; S Mirshekari; C Mishra; S Mitra; V P Mitrofanov; G Mitselmakher; R Mittleman; A Moggi; M Mohan; S R P Mohapatra; M Montani; B C Moore; C J Moore; D Moraru; G Moreno; S R Morriss; K Mossavi; B Mours; C M Mow-Lowry; G Mueller; A W Muir; Arunava Mukherjee; D Mukherjee; S Mukherjee; N Mukund; A Mullavey; J Munch; D J Murphy; P G Murray; A Mytidis; I Nardecchia; L Naticchioni; R K Nayak; K Nedkova; G Nelemans; T J N Nelson; M Neri; A Neunzert; G Newton; T T Nguyen; A B Nielsen; S Nissanke; A Nitz; F Nocera; D Nolting; M E N Normandin; L K Nuttall; J Oberling; E Ochsner; J O'Dell; E Oelker; G H Ogin; J J Oh; S H Oh; F Ohme; M Oliver; P Oppermann; Richard J Oram; B O'Reilly; R O'Shaughnessy; D J Ottaway; H Overmier; B J Owen; A Pai; S A Pai; J R Palamos; O Palashov; C Palomba; A Pal-Singh; H Pan; C Pankow; F Pannarale; B C Pant; F Paoletti; A Paoli; M A Papa; H R Paris; W Parker; D Pascucci; A Pasqualetti; R Passaquieti; D Passuello; B Patricelli; Z Patrick; B L Pearlstone; M Pedraza; R Pedurand; L Pekowsky; A Pele; S Penn; A Perreca; L M Perri; H P Pfeiffer; M Phelps; O J Piccinni; M Pichot; F Piergiovanni; V Pierro; G Pillant; L Pinard; I M Pinto; M Pitkin; M Poe; R Poggiani; P Popolizio; A Post; J Powell; J Prasad; V Predoi; T Prestegard; L R Price; M Prijatelj; M Principe; S Privitera; R Prix; G A Prodi; L Prokhorov; O Puncken; M Punturo; P Puppo; M Pürrer; H Qi; J Qin; S Qiu; V Quetschke; E A Quintero; R Quitzow-James; F J Raab; 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