Janet S Choi1, Sophie S Jang2, Jeehong Kim1, Kevin Hur3, Elisabeth Ference1, Bozena Wrobel1. 1. Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. 2. Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin. 3. Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
Abstract
Importance: A study of olfactory dysfunction and mortality in a large national cohort will aid in better understanding their association when accounting for multiple relevant factors and possible underlying mechanisms. Objective: To investigate the association of olfactory dysfunction with all-cause 5-year mortality in US adults. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included participants 40 years or older from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey who had data on olfaction and mortality (n = 3503). Olfaction was assessed by self-report and objective test (8-odor Pocket Smell Test). Mortality was determined by linking with the National Death Index through February 24, 2019. Data were analyzed from July 1 to September 30, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: Olfaction and 5-year mortality. Cox proportional regression models were used to examine the associations between olfaction and mortality while adjusting for demographics and medical comorbidities. Multivariate models were further adjusted for depression and cognitive assessments. Results: Among the 3503 participants (1831 women [52.3%]; mean [SD] age, 59.0 [12.0] years), the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was 13.5% (95% CI, 11.0%-16.0%) based on results of an objective smell test and 21.6% (95% CI, 18.9%-24.2%) based on self-report. Risk of mortality increased by 18% (95% CI, 7%-29%) per 1-point decrease in smell test score in a multivariate model. The association was significant among adults 65 years or older in association with binary (hazard ratio [HR], 1.95; 95% CI, 1.19-3.21) and linear (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.08-1.31) measures of objective olfactory dysfunction, but not among adults aged 40 to 64 years. There was no association between self-reported olfactory dysfunction and mortality. The association between objective olfactory dysfunction and mortality remained after further adjusting for cognitive assessment battery and depression among older adults (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01-1.37). Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that objective olfactory dysfunction is associated with increased mortality among older adults. In addition to its effect on quality of life, the association of olfactory dysfunction with mortality has implications for physical and cognitive health.
Importance: A study of olfactory dysfunction and mortality in a large national cohort will aid in better understanding their association when accounting for multiple relevant factors and possible underlying mechanisms. Objective: To investigate the association of olfactory dysfunction with all-cause 5-year mortality in US adults. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included participants 40 years or older from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey who had data on olfaction and mortality (n = 3503). Olfaction was assessed by self-report and objective test (8-odor Pocket Smell Test). Mortality was determined by linking with the National Death Index through February 24, 2019. Data were analyzed from July 1 to September 30, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: Olfaction and 5-year mortality. Cox proportional regression models were used to examine the associations between olfaction and mortality while adjusting for demographics and medical comorbidities. Multivariate models were further adjusted for depression and cognitive assessments. Results: Among the 3503 participants (1831 women [52.3%]; mean [SD] age, 59.0 [12.0] years), the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was 13.5% (95% CI, 11.0%-16.0%) based on results of an objective smell test and 21.6% (95% CI, 18.9%-24.2%) based on self-report. Risk of mortality increased by 18% (95% CI, 7%-29%) per 1-point decrease in smell test score in a multivariate model. The association was significant among adults 65 years or older in association with binary (hazard ratio [HR], 1.95; 95% CI, 1.19-3.21) and linear (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.08-1.31) measures of objective olfactory dysfunction, but not among adults aged 40 to 64 years. There was no association between self-reported olfactory dysfunction and mortality. The association between objective olfactory dysfunction and mortality remained after further adjusting for cognitive assessment battery and depression among older adults (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01-1.37). Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that objective olfactory dysfunction is associated with increased mortality among older adults. In addition to its effect on quality of life, the association of olfactory dysfunction with mortality has implications for physical and cognitive health.
Authors: Natalie Yan-Lin Pang; Harris Jun Jie Muhammad Danial Song; Benjamin Kye Jyn Tan; Jun Xiang Tan; Ashley Si Ru Chen; Anna See; Shuhui Xu; Tze Choong Charn; Neville Wei Yang Teo Journal: JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg Date: 2022-05-01 Impact factor: 8.961
Authors: Benjamin Kye Jyn Tan; Ruobing Han; Joseph J Zhao; Nicole Kye Wen Tan; Emrick Sen Hui Quah; Claire Jing-Wen Tan; Yiong Huak Chan; Neville Wei Yang Teo; Tze Choong Charn; Anna See; Shuhui Xu; Nikita Chapurin; Rakesh K Chandra; Naweed Chowdhury; Rafal Butowt; Christopher S von Bartheld; B Nirmal Kumar; Claire Hopkins; Song Tar Toh Journal: BMJ Date: 2022-07-27
Authors: Api Chewcharat; Elizabeth A Phipps; Khushboo Bhatia; Sahir Kalim; Andrew S Allegretti; Meghan E Sise; Teodor G Păunescu; Rituvanthikaa Seethapathy; Sagar U Nigwekar Journal: BMC Nephrol Date: 2022-01-18 Impact factor: 2.388