Literature DB >> 33084795

Abdominal symptoms as initial manifestation of COVID-19: a case series.

Lucas Tadashi Wada Amaral1, Vanessa Mizubuti Brito1, Gabriel Laverdi Beraldo1, Eduardo Kaiser Ururahy Nunes Fonseca1, Patrícia Yokoo1, Aley Talans1, Marcelo Oranges Filho1, Rodrigo Caruso Chate1, Ronaldo Hueb Baroni1, Gilberto Szarf1.   

Abstract

The COVID-19 became a pandemic in early 2020. It was found, at first, that the main manifestations of this new virus occur through respiratory and constitutional symptoms. Therefore, chest tomography was elected as the best imaging test to assess the extent of pulmonary involvement and as a good prognostic predictor for the disease. However, as new studies were produced, the gastrointestinal involvement of COVID-19 becomes more evident, with reports from patients who manifested mainly or only gastrointestinal symptoms in the course of the disease. Thus, in some cases, the initial investigation is carried out at the emergency department with an abdominal computed tomography. We report a case series of ten patients who came to the emergency department of our institution with a chief gastrointestinal complaint, and were initially submitted to an abdominal computed tomography as the first investigation. Although most of the patients did not have significant changes in the abdominal images, most reported patients had pulmonary findings visualized at the lung bases, which were later designated as typical COVID-19 pulmonary findings on chest computed tomography. Only one patient had atypical COVID-19 lung changes on chest computed tomography. All patients had a positive real-time polymerase chain reaction for COVID-19. It is imperative to alert radiologists, especially abdominal radiologists, with the possibility of COVID-19 isolated gastrointestinal symptoms. Besides, it must become a habit to radiologists to assess the pulmonary basis on abdominal scans, a site commonly affected by the new coronavirus.

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Year:  2020        PMID: 33084795      PMCID: PMC7546681          DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020RC5831

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Einstein (Sao Paulo)        ISSN: 1679-4508


INTRODUCTION

The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was initially described in December 2019 in Wuhan (Hubei, China), rapidly spread worldwide and was classified as pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), on March 11, 2020. ( So far, the primordial measures against this new agent are early detection and isolation of suspected patients. The most common initial symptoms described for the COVID-19 infection include constitutional and respiratory symptoms, such as fever, malaise, cough, coryza, and dyspnea. ( Recent studies showed that the new coronavirus, an RNA virus, uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the cells, yielding potential to infect different organs and systems of the human body. ( This mechanism may explain the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with COVID-19, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomits, and lack of appetite, who may or may not be present with respiratory symptoms. However, it was observed that some patients are asymptomatic from the respiratory point of view, and have only abdominal complaints as their initial clinical findings. This phenomenon can be a diagnostic challenge and a potential risk of COVID-19 transmission, not only to other patients but also to the health professionals involved in healthcare. Therefore, it is important for the abdominal radiologists, radiologists on-call, and other physicians that are on the frontline against the COVID-19, to be aware of the importance of evaluating the lung bases on abdominal computed tomography (CT) in this present pandemic, even in the absence of respiratory complaints.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

We retrospectively analyzed all emergency abdominal CT of our institution performed between March 15, 2020 and April 21, 2020, looking for changes caused by COVID-19 on the pulmonary basis included on abdominal images, which could lead to further investigation for this viral pneumonia. Ten patients met these inclusion criteria, and we further reviewed their past medical history. Of the patients assessed, five were male (50%). The mean age was 62 years, ranging from 41 to 84 years. All ten patients tested positive for COVID-19 in real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), obtained from an nasopharyngeal swab sample. The most frequent gastrointestinal symptoms were abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and lack of appetite ( Table 1 ), in agreement with other studies in the literature. ( All patients analyzed had gastrointestinal symptoms that preceded the respiratory symptoms.
Table 1

Gastrointestinal symptoms

PacientSexAgeAbdominal painDiarrheaNausea/vomitingLack of appetite
1M84++-+
2F52+---
3M72+--+
4F73++--
5F75-+--
6M76++++
7M41++--
8M77++++
9F56-++-
10F22++++

M: male; F: female.

M: male; F: female. Abdominal pain was the most prevalent complaint in the patients assessed; - two presented with diffuse abdominal pain and four with epigastric pain. One patient had pain in the left flank, and another had pain in the right iliac fossa. Eight patients presented with diarrhea, with a mean duration of 7 days, range of 3 to 20 days. The patient with history of diarrhea for 20 days stayed longer at the hospital, took several antibiotics, which may have contributed to longer duration of this symptom. Since the chief complaint of the analyzed patients was related to gastrointestinal symptoms, the investigation initiated with an abdominal CT exam, and 80% (8/10) of the exams had no significant abdominal changes. Two CT had positive findings. Nine out of ten of the subsequent chest CT, all of which were motivated by the initial abdominal CT findings had typical COVID-19 alterations, ( such as peripheral and basal predominant ground-glass opacities, with septal thickening and thin reticulation, sparse consolidations and subpleural curvilinear lines ( Figure 1 ). One chest CT demonstrated atypical COVID-19 findings, characterized by a unique alveolar consolidation in the right lower lobe ( Figure 2 ).
Figure 1

Axial (A, C), coronal (B) and sagital (D) images of chest computed tomography showing typical COVID-19 pulmonary findings

Figure 2

Axial (A) and coronal (B) chest computed tomography images show an unique pulmonary consolidation in the right lower lobe, an atypical finding in COVID-19

CASE REPORTS

First case

A 74-year-old female patient, presented to the emergency department on March 18, 2020, with a history of abdominal pain, on the right iliac fossa, for 15 days. She referred fever for 4 days, and denied having diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, or respiratory symptoms. She presented diffuse abdominal pain upon palpation, more intense on the right iliac fossa. Her chest auscultation was unremarkable. The patient was submitted to a contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen, with findings consistent with non-complicated acute diverticulitis in the sigmoid colon ( Figure 3 ). She received analgesics and antibiotics and was discharged.
Figure 3

Axial (A) and sagital (B) images of an abdomen computed tomography illustrates multiple diverticula in the sigmoid colon. One showed thickened walls (arrows) with adjacent fat stranding, findings consistent with acute diverticulitis

After 4 days of antibiotics, the patient returned to the emergency department complaining of weakness, abdominal cramps, and lack of appetite, still with no respiratory symptoms. She was admitted to the hospital, and presented diarrhea, cough, and desaturation. A RT-PCR was requested from the oropharyngeal swab, and it was positive for COVID-19. A chest CT was performed on March 23, 2020, and showed typical findings for COVID-19 ( Figure 4 ). A retrospective analysis of the lung basis on the abdomen CT on March 18, 2020 revealed discrete ground-glass opacities with areas of thin reticulation and septal thickening on the periphery of the medium lobe and on the posterior basal segments of both lungs, findings that possibly were related to incipient COVID-19 changes ( Figure 5 ). The patient had a good progression, being discharged home on March 31, 2020, in a good general status.
Figure 4

Axial (A) and coronal (B) images of a chest computed tomography illustrate multiple and bilateral ground glass opacities, septal thickening and reticulation, findings consistent with COVID-19

Figure 5

Axial images (A and B) of the lung basis in an abdomen computed tomography show subtle ground glass opacities with some septal thickening, which possibly represented incipient COVID-19 changes (arrows)

Second case

A 75-year-old female patient came to the emergency department on March 18, 2020, presenting with malaise, fever, diarrhea, and dyspnea. The hypothesis of an abdominal sepsis was raised, and the patient was admitted to an intensive care unit. An abdominal CT with no contrast enhancement was requested, which revealed a thickened ascending colon and distal ileum, associated with adjacent fat stranding, findings that suggested enterocolitis ( Figure 6 ). In the same exam, on the pulmonary basis, areas of peripheral ground-glass opacities were observed on both lungs, especially on the left, and pleural effusion on the right lung ( Figure 7 ). These changes led to the request of a chest CT, which had findings consistent with viral pneumonia (typical of COVID-19). With this suspect, RT-PCR was done and it returned positive. The patient progressed with severe respiratory failure and was intubated. She had a slow but steady recovery, being discharged from the hospital after one month.
Figure 6

Axial (A) and coronal (B) images of a non-enhanced abdomen computed tomography show thickened walls in the cecum and terminal ileum, with fat stranding (arrows), consistent with enterocolitis

Figure 7

Axial (A) and sagital (B) images of the lung basis in an abdomen computed tomography show ground-glass opacities with septal thickening and fine reticulation, typical COVID-19 pulmonary findings

DISCUSSION

As the COVID-19 spreads and new studies are finalized, its gastrointestinal effects become more evident: some symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting are not rare, as deemed in the beginning of the pandemic. A study by Lin et al., ( reported a 61% prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms upon admission or in the course of the disease. We illustrated one case of acute diverticulitis that preceded a new coronavirus infection, and another presenting with diarrhea and signs of enterocolitis during de course of the disease. We questioned if the findings of enterocolitis could be a manifestation of COVID-19 infecting enterocytes, or if there was an intestinal coinfection. New evidence in the literature suggests that there is ACE2 expression in the enterocytes, ( acting as an inflammatory mediator. Besides, new studies found the virus in feces of infected patients, supporting not only the possibility of direct intestinal infection but also the possibility of a fecal-oral transmission route. ( Abdominal complaints are frequently assessed with imaging studies, and some protocols include images of the pulmonary bases, which are frequent sites of involvement by COVID-19. We believe that some COVID-19 patients will not show respiratory symptoms, leading to a challenging diagnosis, delaying adequate isolation measurements. In addition, some studies have demonstrated that abdominal symptoms are not rare in this group of patients and can appear earlier in the course of the disease. ( Therefore, in the actual pandemic, it is of paramount importance that radiologists keep a high grade of suspicion even when analyzing an exam not directed to the chest, and even when there is no suspicion by the clinical staff, assuring a prompt COVID-19 diagnosis. Since there is no specific treatment for COVID-19, the early diagnosis has an impact on the medical care concerning isolation, reducing transmissibility of the disease not only at home but also at hospitals.

CONCLUSION

COVID-19 has a broad spectrum of gastrointestinal symptoms, which are much common than we originally considered. In this pandemic context, we believe radiologists, especially abdominal radiologists, should be aware of the typical and atypical pulmonary changes of coronavirus disease when assessing the lung bases.

INTRODUÇÃO

A doença do novo coronavírus (COVID-19) foi inicialmente descrita em dezembro de 2019 em Wuhan, Hubei, na China. Ela se disseminou rapidamente pelo mundo e foi classificada como pandemia pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) em 11 de março de 2020. ( Até o momento, as medidas primordiais contra esse novo agente são detecção precoce e isolamento de casos suspeitos. Os sintomas iniciais mais comuns descritos para a COVID-19 incluem sintomas constitucionais e respiratórios, como febre, mal-estar, tosse, coriza e dispneia. ( Estudos recentes mostraram que o COVID-19, um vírus de RNA, utiliza a enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ECA2) para entrar nas células, o que lhe confere o potencial de infectar diferentes órgãos e sistemas do corpo humano. ( Esse mecanismo pode explicar a ocorrência de sintomas gastrointestinais em pacientes com infecção pela COVID-19, como diarreia, náusea, vômitos e inapetência, que podem ou não se manifestar juntamente de sintomas respiratórios. Porém, observou-se que alguns pacientes são assintomáticos do ponto de vista respiratório e apresentam apenas queixas abdominais como achado clínico inicial. Esse fenômeno pode representar um desafio diagnóstico e um risco potencial de transmissão da COVID-19, não apenas a outros pacientes, mas também aos profissionais de saúde envolvidos no atendimento. Assim, é importante alertar os radiologistas abdominais, radiologistas de plantão e outros médicos que atuam na linha de frente contra a COVID-19 sobre a importância de se avaliar a base dos pulmões em tomografia computadorizada (TC) de abdome durante a presente pandemia, mesmo na ausência de queixas respiratórias.

APRESENTAÇÃO CLÍNICA

Analisamos retrospectivamente todas as TC abdominais de emergência da nossa instituição, realizadas entre 15 de março de 2020 e 21 de abril de 2020, em busca de alterações causadas pela COVID-19 nas bases pulmonares contempladas em imagens abdominais, que poderiam motivar uma investigação mais aprofundada para esse tipo de pneumonia viral. Dez pacientes atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, e analisamos mais a fundo a história pregressa deles. Dos pacientes avaliados, cinco eram do sexo masculino (50%). A média de idade foi de 62 anos, variando de 41 a 84 anos. Todos os dez pacientes tiveram resultado positivo no teste de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR) usando amostra de swab nasofaríngeo. Os sintomas gastrointestinais mais frequentes foram dor abdominal, diarreia, náusea, vômitos e inapetência ( Tabela 1 ), em concordância com outros estudos da literatura. ( Todos os pacientes analisados apresentaram sintomas gastrointestinais antes dos respiratórios.
Tabela 1

Sintomas gastrointestinais

PacienteSexoIdadeDor abdominalDiarreiaNáusea/vômitosInapetência
1M84++-+
2F52+---
3M72+--+
4F73++--
5F75-+--
6M76++++
7M41++--
8M77++++
9F56-++-
10F22++++

M: masculino; F: feminino.

M: masculino; F: feminino. Dor abdominal foi a queixa mais prevalente nos pacientes avaliados – dois apresentaram dor abdominal difusa e quatro, epigástrica. Um paciente tinha dor no flanco esquerdo e outro apresentou dor na fossa ilíaca direita. Oito pacientes apresentaram diarreia, com duração média de 7 dias, variando de 3 a 20 dias. O paciente com história de 20 dias de diarreia permaneceu no hospital por um período mais longo e precisou tomar diversos antibióticos, o que pode ter contribuído para a longa duração desse sintoma. Como a queixa principal dos pacientes analisados tinha relação com sintomas gastrointestinais, a investigação começou com exame de TC do abdome, e 80% (8/10) dos exames não mostraram alterações abdominais significativas. Duas TC apresentaram achados positivos. Nove das dez TC de tórax subsequentes, todas elas motivadas pelos achados das TC de abdome inicial, revelaram alterações típicas da COVID-19, ( como opacidades em vidro fosco predominantemente periféricas e basais associadas a espessamento septal e reticulação fina, além de consolidações esparsas e linhas curvilíneas subpleurais ( Figura 1 ). Uma TC de tórax demonstrou achados atípicos de COVID-19, caracterizados por consolidação alveolar única no lobo inferior direito ( Figura 2 ).
Figura 1

Imagens axial (A, C), coronal (B) e sagital (D) de tomografia computadorizada de tórax, retratando achados pulmonares comuns da COVID-19

Figura 2

Imagens axial (A) e coronal (B) de tomografia computadorizada de tórax ilustram consolidação alveolar no lobo inferior direito, um achado incomum para COVID-19

RELATOS DE CASOS

Primeiro caso

Paciente do sexo feminino, 74 anos de idade, compareceu ao pronto-socorro em 18 de março de 2020, com história de dor abdominal na fossa ilíaca direita há 15 dias. Relatou febre por 4 dias e negou outros sintomas. Ao exame físico, apresentou dor abdominal difusa à palpação, mais intensa na fossa ilíaca direita. A ausculta torácica foi normal. A paciente foi submetida à TC abdominal com contraste, com achados condizentes com diverticulite aguda não complicada do cólon sigmoide ( Figura 3 ). Ela foi tratada com analgésicos e antibióticos e recebeu alta.
Figura 3

Imagens axial (A) e sagital (B) de tomografia computadorizada do abdome demonstra múltiplos divertículos no cólon sigmoide. Um deles está com paredes espessadas (setas) e estriações da gordura adjacente, achados consistentes com diverticulite aguda

Após 4 dias de antibióticos, a paciente retornou ao pronto-socorro com queixa de fraqueza, cólicas abdominais e inapetência, ainda sem sintomas respiratórios. Foi hospitalizada, após apresentar diarreia, tosse e dessaturação. Foi solicitado o RT-PCR do swab orofaríngeo, com resultado positivo para COVID-19. Foi realizada TC do tórax em 23 de março de 2020, que revelou achados típicos de COVID-19 ( Figura 4 ). A análise retrospectiva da base do pulmão da TC de abdome realizada em 18 de março de 2020 revelou tênues opacidades em vidro fosco, com áreas de fina reticulação e espessamento septal na periferia do lobo médio e nos segmentos basais posteriores de ambos os pulmões, achados estes possivelmente relacionados a uma infecção incipiente pelo novo coronavírus ( Figura 5 ). A paciente teve boa evolução e recebeu alta em 31 de março de 2020, em bom estado geral de saúde.
Figura 4

Imagens axial (A) e coronal (B) de tomografia computadorizada de tórax ilustram múltiplas opacidades em vidro fosco bilaterais, espessamento septal e fina reticulação, achados típicos de COVID-19

Figura 5

Imagens axiais (A e B) das bases pulmonares da primeira tomografia computadorizada do abdome mostram sutis opacidades em vidro fosco arredondadas, com algum espessamento septal, sugestivas de infecção incipiente pela COVID-19 (setas)

Segundo caso

Paciente do sexo feminino, 75 anos de idade, compareceu ao pronto-socorro em 18 de março de 2020, com mal-estar, febre, diarreia e dispneia. Foi levantada a hipótese de sepse abdominal, e a paciente foi internada em unidade de terapia intensiva. Foi solicitada TC abdominal sem contraste, que revelou espessamento do cólon ascendente e do íleo distal, associado a estriações da gordura adjacente, achados sugestivos de enterocolite ( Figura 6 ). No mesmo exame, observaram-se, nas bases pulmonares, áreas de opacidades em vidro fosco periféricas, principalmente no pulmão esquerdo, e derrame pleural à direita ( Figura 7 ). Essas alterações motivaram a solicitação de uma TC de tórax, que demonstrou achados compatíveis com pneumonia viral (típica da COVID-19). Com essa suspeita, foi realizado o RT-PCR, que retornou positivo. A paciente evoluiu com insuficiência respiratória grave e foi entubada. Ela apresentou lenta, porém contínua recuperação, recebendo alta hospitalar após um mês.
Figura 6

Imagens axial (A) e coronal (B) da tomografia computadorizada do abdome sem contraste, mostrando paredes espessadas no ceco e íleo terminal com estriações de gordura (setas), condizentes com enterocolite

Figura 7

Imagens axial (A) e sagital (B) das bases pulmonares da tomografia computadorizada de abdome mostram opacidades em vidro fosco com espessamento septal e reticulação fina, achados pulmonares típicos da COVID-19

DISCUSSÃO

À medida que a COVID-19 se propaga, e novos estudos são finalizados, os efeitos gastrointestinais da doença tornam-se mais evidentes: alguns sintomas, como dor abdominal, diarreia, náusea e vômitos, não são tão incomuns quanto se pensava no início da pandemia. Um estudo de Lin et al., ( relatou prevalência de 61% de sintomas gastrointestinais na admissão ou no curso da doença. Ilustramos um caso de diverticulite aguda precedendo infecção por COVID-19, e outro que apresentou diarreia e sinais de enterocolite durante o curso da doença. Questionamos se os achados de enterocolite poderiam ser uma manifestação de infecção dos enterócitos pela COVID-19, ou se haveria uma coinfecção intestinal. Novas evidências na literatura sugerem que há expressão de ECA2 nos enterócitos ( atuando como mediadora inflamatória. Além disso, novos estudos encontraram o vírus nas fezes de pacientes infectados, o que corrobora não apenas a possibilidade de infecção intestinal direta, mas também uma possível via de transmissão fecal-oral. ( Queixas abdominais são frequentemente avaliadas com estudos de imagem, e alguns protocolos incluem imagens das bases do pulmão, um local frequentemente acometido pela COVID-19. Acreditamos que alguns pacientes com COVID-19 não apresentam sintomas respiratórios, o que dificulta o diagnóstico, atrasando a implementação de medidas de isolamento adequadas. Além disso, estudos demonstraram que sintomas abdominais não são incomuns nesse grupo de pacientes e podem aparecer precocemente no curso da doença. ( Assim, na presente pandemia, é primordial que os radiologistas mantenham um alto nível de suspeição, mesmo para exames que não sejam dirigidos ao tórax e quando não houver uma suspeita clara da equipe clínica, para garantir um diagnóstico rápido da COVID-19. Como ainda não há tratamento específico para a COVID-19, o diagnóstico precoce tem impacto no atendimento médico, particularmente em relação ao isolamento, reduzindo a transmissibilidade da doença não apenas no ambiente domiciliar, mas também nos hospitais.

CONCLUSÃO

A COVID-19 apresenta um amplo espectro de sintomas gastrointestinais, que são muito mais comuns do que se pensava originalmente. No contexto da presente pandemia, acreditamos que os radiologistas, principalmente os radiologistas abdominais, devem ficar alertas a alterações pulmonares típicas e atípicas da doença do novo coronavírus ao avaliarem a base dos pulmões.
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