Antibody Opsonization Enhances Early Interactions between Yersinia pestis and Neutrophils in the Skin and Draining Lymph Node in a Mouse Model of Bubonic Plague.

Bubonic plague results when Yersinia pestis is deposited in the skin via the bite of an infected flea. Bacteria then traffic to the draining lymph node (dLN) where they replicate to large numbers. Without treatment, this infection can result in highly fatal septicemia. Several plague vaccine candidates are currently at various stages of development, but no licensed vaccine is available in the United States. Though polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (Ab) can provide complete protection against bubonic plague in animal models, the mechanisms responsible for this antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) to Y. pestis remain poorly understood. Here, we examine the effects of Ab opsonization on Y. pestis interactions with phagocytes in vitro and in vivo Opsonization of Y. pestis with polyclonal antiserum modestly increased phagocytosis/killing by an oxidative burst of murine neutrophils in vitro Intravital microscopy (IVM) showed increased association of Ab-opsonized Y. pestis with neutrophils in the dermis in a mouse model of bubonic plague. IVM of popliteal LNs after intradermal (i.d.) injection of bacteria in the footpad revealed increased Y. pestis-neutrophil interactions and increased neutrophil crawling and extravasation in response to Ab-opsonized bacteria. Thus, despite only having a modest effect in in vitro assays, opsonizing Ab had a dramatic effect in vivo on Y. pestis-neutrophil interactions in the dermis and dLN very early after infection. These data shed new light on the importance of neutrophils in AMI to Y. pestis and may provide a new correlate of protection for evaluation of plague vaccine candidates.