Dietary exposure and accumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances alters growth and reduces body condition of post-metamorphic salamanders.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of concern due to their persistence, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity. While dietary exposure is the primary route of exposure for terrestrial species, data on dietary PFAS uptake and adverse effects are largely restricted to mammals. As such, substantial data gaps exist that hinder ecological risk assessment, including environmentally relevant exposure levels and taxa. Using a 30-d laboratory experiment, we examined the effects of dietary PFAS-exposure on post-metamorphic tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). We fed salamanders crickets exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), or 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) at low (<1.0), medium (2-5), or high (16-62) ng PFAS/g/d (wet weight) dose rates. We found that only PFOS resulted in substantial biomagnification. Despite limited evidence for biomagnification, PFAS altered growth and generally reduced body condition. Salamanders with the highest burdens of PFOS grew less and had lower body conditions, while burdens of PFHxS and PFOA were only associated with reduced growth. There was no evidence that environmentally relevant doses of PFAS increase liver size in salamanders. Our results demonstrate that dietary exposure and accumulation of PFAS can impact fitness-related traits in amphibians and contribute to trophic transfer in terrestrial food webs.