Food parenting practices and children's weight outcomes: A systematic review of prospective studies.

This systematic review is the first to provide an overview of the prospective links between food parenting practices and children's weight outcomes. Three databases were searched. All titles, abstracts and full-texts were double screened by two independent reviewers. Peer-reviewed journal articles published after 1990 assessing the prospective association between food parenting practices and weight outcomes of children aged 2-18 years were eligible. A total of 38 eligible studies were identified, focusing on 12 separate food parenting practices. Restriction, pressure to eat, and monitoring were generally not associated with children's weight over time, but higher quality studies suggest that pressure to eat was associated with lower weight outcomes over time. Most studies on food availability and accessibility found null-findings as well. Instrumental-but not emotional-feeding was associated with higher weight over time, but higher quality studies are needed to confirm this link. Results involving the link between frequency of mealtime and child weight were mixed. Autonomy supporting and other structure-related food parenting practices were understudied. In conclusion, food parenting practices receiving the most attention within prospective studies (i.e., restriction, pressure to eat, monitoring) were generally not associated with children's weight outcomes over time. Future high quality studies should focus more on other food parenting practices, further unravel bidirectional links between food parenting and children's eating behaviors and weight outcomes, and examine the mediating role of dietary intake.